目的:探讨产ESBL大肠埃希菌引起尿路感染(UTI)的潜在危险因素与在冰岛不生产ESBL。
方法:观察性,病例对照研究包括27,747名患者(22,800名女性,4,947名男性;1207例,26,540个对照)在2012年至2021年的临床微生物学实验室中,由大肠杆菌引起的UTI所有年龄段覆盖了约2/3的冰岛人口。从三个国家数据库获得临床患者数据。使用Logistic回归计算比值比(OR)和95%置信区间(CI),作为ESBL与暴露变量之间关联的度量。
结果:在研究期间,产ESBL大肠杆菌的样品比例增加,从2012年的2.6%到2021年的7.6%(p<0.001)。在1207例个体中检测到ESBL阳性菌株(4.4%),女性905人(4.0%),男性302人(6.1%)。确定了以下危险因素:男性,年龄较高,机构类型(医院,疗养院),与医院相关的UTI,Charlson合并症指数评分≥3分,过去一年有膀胱炎或住院史,以及过去半年中某些抗生素或质子泵抑制剂(PPI:OR1.51)的处方。与最高风险相关的抗生素是环丙沙星(OR2.45)。
结论:由产生ESBL的大肠杆菌引起的UTI在冰岛的流行率一直在增加。ESBL生产的最大风险因素是以前使用过抗生素,尤其是环丙沙星,和以前的PPI使用,两者都被认为是过分规定的。重要的是促进谨慎使用这些药物。
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association of potential risk factors for urinary tract infections (UTI) caused by E. coli producing ESBL vs. not producing ESBL in Iceland.
METHODS: Observational, case-control study including a cohort of 27,747 patients (22,800 females, 4,947 males; 1207 cases, 26,540 controls) of all ages with UTI caused by E. coli in 2012 to 2021 at the clinical microbiology laboratory covering about 2/3 of the Icelandic population. Clinical patient data was obtained from three national databases. Logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) as a measure of association between ESBL and exposure variables.
RESULTS: The proportion of samples with ESBL-producing E. coli increased during the study period, from 2.6% in 2012 to 7.6% in 2021 (p < 0.001). ESBL-positive strains were detected in 1207 individuals (4.4%), 905 females (4.0%) and 302 males (6.1%). The following risk factors were identified: Male sex, higher age, institution type (hospital, nursing home), hospital-associated UTI, Charlson comorbidity index score ≥ 3, history of cystitis or hospitalization in the past year, and prescriptions for certain antibiotics or proton pump inhibitors (PPIs: OR 1.51) in the past half year. The antibiotic associated with the highest risk was ciprofloxacin (OR 2.45).
CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of UTIs caused by ESBL-producing E. coli has been increasing in Iceland. The strongest risk factors for ESBL production were previous antibiotic use, especially ciprofloxacin, and previous PPI use, both considered to be overprescribed. It is important to promote the prudent use of these drugs.