White supremacy

白人至上
  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    本文分析了对白人至上的卑鄙形式的否认所揭示的全球预防和打击暴力极端主义(P/CVE)议程的种族逻辑。我们认为,全球P/CVE议程是建立在种族化的概念上的,如预防,激进化和社区-使其与新发现的白人至上主义暴力极端主义或家庭恐怖主义问题不相称的概念。通过对在P/CVE广泛领域工作的专家和从业者的访谈进行分析,我们辨证地分析发展和建设和平空间内的议程的内部如何暴露议程的主要意图,即管理所谓的全球南方地区或来自南方的可能无法治理的人口。从从业者访谈的文本分析中得出的理论见解,然后我们考虑包括右翼极端主义,特别是白人至上,在西方各州的国内P/CVE议程中,主要在美国。我们的论点-在国内CVE政策中考虑极右翼极端主义的举动揭示了而不是破坏了P/CVE议程的种族主义基础和意图-有助于越来越多的研究坚持参加比赛,安全研究和国际关系中的种族主义和种族主义,其中包括强调白度作为组织原则。
    This article analyses what the disavowal of abject forms of white supremacy reveals about the racial logic of the global preventing and countering violent extremism (P/CVE) agenda. We argue that the global P/CVE agenda is built on racialised concepts such as prevention, radicalisation and community - concepts that render it incommensurate with the newly identified problem of white supremacist violent extremism or domestic terrorism. Through analysis of interviews with experts and practitioners working within the broad field of P/CVE, we discursively analyse how the enmeshment of the agenda within the development and peacebuilding space exposes the agenda\'s primary intent to manage presumably ungovernable populations in or from the so-called Global South. Taking the theoretical insights culled from textual analysis of practitioner interviews, we then consider the inclusion of right-wing extremism, and specifically white supremacy, within Western states\' domestic P/CVE agendas, primarily in the US. Our argument - that the move to consider far-right extremism within domestic CVE policy reveals rather than disrupts the P/CVE agenda\'s racist foundations and intentions - contributes to a growing body of research that insists on attending to race, racialisation and racism within security studies and international relations, and which includes an emphasis on whiteness as an organising principle.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    护理以其高道德标准而闻名,被认为是全球最值得信赖的职业之一。然而,它与欧洲中心主义和白人至上主义意识形态有着深厚的历史联系。护理中这些根深蒂固的意识形态引起了人们对公平的重大关注,多样性,以及在塑造护理教育的过程中融入专业,研究,和实践。西方护理机构深深扎根于旨在中心和维护白度的系统中,这通常有助于保护权力中的主导群体,同时对来自代表性不足的背景的教师产生不利影响。因此,由于系统性种族主义和机构问责制和支持不足,来自代表性不足的群体的教师离开学术界。为了降低护理中的白度,我们分享了我们的经验,以强调压迫制度如何使护理学术界代表性不足的教师边缘化。
    Nursing is renowned for its high ethical standards and is considered one of the most trusted professions globally, yet it has deep historical ties to Eurocentric and white supremacist ideologies. These entrenched ideologies in nursing raise significant concerns regarding equity, diversity, and inclusion within the profession as they shape nursing education, research, and practice. Western nursing institutions are deeply engrained in a system designed to center and uphold whiteness, which frequently serves to safeguard dominant groups in power while detrimentally affecting faculty from underrepresented backgrounds. Consequently, faculty members from underrepresented groups depart academia due to systemic racism and inadequate institutional accountability and support. To decenter whiteness in nursing, we have shared our experiences to underscore how systems of oppression marginalize underrepresented faculty in nursing academia.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    种族是一种伪科学系统,其发明是将人们按肤色分类为不同类别。种族没有生物学基础,这意味着肤色的表型不能准确地将人类分为不同的类别。当代西方兽医学是由欧洲白人男性创立的,用于治疗牲畜和工作马;150多年后,大多数兽医毕业生是从事家养家庭宠物工作的白人女性。兽医学的历史告诉我们当前的现实。
    Race is a pseudo-scientific system that was invented to sort people by skin color into different categories. Race has no biologic basis, meaning the phenotype of skin color cannot accurately separate humans into distinct categories. Contemporary Western veterinary medicine was founded by white European men to treat livestock and working horses; 150+ years later, the majority of veterinary graduates are white women working on domesticated family pets. The history of veterinary medicine informs our current reality.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    目标:计划生育研究人员没有严格地参与种族主题,种族主义,以及种族等相关概念。这种缺乏参与有助于再现种族等级制度而不是阐明的研究,和中断,种族主义影响健康的过程。本研究实践支持文件列出了在定量计划生育研究中解决种族和种族主义的考虑因素和最佳实践。
    方法:我们是在计划生育研究中种族健康公平方面具有种族身份和专业知识的学者。我们从跨学科的学术和指导中汲取经验,以研究种族和种族主义的使用和分析中的共同缺点,并提出在定量计划生育研究中严格使用这些概念的做法。
    结果:我们建议阐明种族和种族主义在研究问题发展中的作用,作者身份和位置性,研究设计,数据收集,分析方法,和分析的解释。提供了相关概念的定义和附加资源。
    结论:计划生育和种族主义密不可分。未能命名和分析结构性种族主义影响计划生育和需要或想要计划的人的途径,when,或如何怀孕或父母可能会重现有关健康不平等原因和黑人属性的有害和不正确的信念,土著,和其他种族为非白人的人。计划生育研究人员应以适当和明确的理论为基础,批判性地研究种族主义和种族,证据,和分析方法。
    结论:计划生育研究可以更好地促进消除种族化的健康不平等,并避免使有害的信仰和种族观念永存,通过确保他们以适当和明确的理论为基础的程序研究种族和种族主义,证据,和分析方法。
    OBJECTIVE: Family planning researchers have not critically engaged with topics of race, racism, and associated concepts like ethnicity. This lack of engagement contributes to the reproduction of research that reifies racial hierarchies rather than illuminate and interrupt the processes by which racism affects health. This Research Practice Support paper lays out considerations and best practices for addressing race and racism in quantitative family planning research.
    METHODS: We are scholars with racialized identities and expertise in racial health equity in family planning research. We draw from scholarship and guidance across disciplines to examine common shortcomings in the use and analysis of race and racism and propose practices for rigorous use of these concepts in quantitative family planning research.
    RESULTS: We recommend articulating the role of race and racism in the development of the research question, authorship and positionality, study design, data collection, analytic approach, and interpretation of analyses. Definitions of relevant concepts and additional resources are provided.
    CONCLUSIONS: Family planning and racism are inextricably linked. Failing to name and analyze the pathways through which structural racism affects family planning, and the people who need or want to plan if, when, or how to become pregnant or parent may reproduce harmful and incorrect beliefs about the causes of health inequities and the attributes of Black, Indigenous, and other people racialized as non-White. Family planning researchers should critically study racism and race with procedures grounded in appropriate and articulated theory, evidence, and analytic approaches.
    CONCLUSIONS: Family planning research can better contribute to efforts to eliminate racialized health inequities and avoid perpetuating harmful beliefs and conceptualizations of race by ensuring that they study race and racism with procedures grounded in appropriate and articulated theory, evidence, and analytic approaches.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    这项研究分析了五个公开发布的视频,其中亚洲人因COVID-19而遭受人际歧视。我们认为社会科学家忽略了视频如何为调查人际歧视提供数据。我们根据包括上下文在内的多个特征来表征视频,特点,以及相关个人的反应,威胁或虐待的类型,以及心理和身体伤害的程度。然后,我们总结了视频中的功能。除其他外,分析揭示了隐含的,明确,历史上特定的反亚洲情绪以及证据肇事者是男性,旁观者通常不会干预。该讨论将亚洲人由于COVID-19而遭受人际歧视的经历与美洲印第安人面临的人际和制度歧视进行了对比,黑人,和西班牙裔美国人。这种对比使亚洲人的立场得到了极大的缓解。
    This study analyzes five publicly posted videos wherein Asians experience interpersonal discrimination because of COVID-19. We think social scientists ignore how videos provide data for investigating interpersonal discrimination. We characterize the videos according to multiple features including context, characteristics, and responses of individuals involved, type of threat or mistreatment, and level of psychological and physical harm. We then summarize features across the videos. Among other things, analyses uncover implicit, explicit, and historically specific anti-Asian sentiment alongside evidence perpetrators are men and bystanders do not intervene typically. The Discussion contrasts Asians\' experiences of interpersonal discrimination because of COVID-19 against the interpersonal and institutional discrimination faced by American Indians, blacks, and Hispanics in the United States. That contrast brings Asians\' positionality into sharp relief.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    白人至上和种族不平等长期以来一直弥漫在心理学研究中,包括身体形象奖学金和实践。白色的经验,异性恋,健全,cisgender(主要是大学)来自富人的女性,西方国家一直以身体形象研究和实践为中心,从而延续种族群体中无懈可击的神话,并将白人理想和经验作为比较边缘化身体的标准。身体形象是由系统和结构系统中存在的多个压迫轴形成的,最终使某些机构优先于其他机构。在这份立场文件中,我们强调白人至上如何塑造身体形象研究和实践。在这样做的时候,我们首先回顾身体图像研究的历史,并解释参与者抽样,测量,解释性框架,研究的传播维护和加强了白人至上。接下来,植根于包容性和交叉性,我们推进社会结构-交叉身体形象(SIBI)框架,以更充分地了解那些具有种族化和小型化身体的人的身体形象体验,同时在身体形象研究和实践中挑战和寻求颠覆白人至上主义。我们鼓励其他学者利用SIBI框架来更好地理解身体不平等和所有人的身体形象体验,在所有的身体。
    White supremacy and racial inequities have long pervaded psychological research, including body image scholarship and practice. The experiences of white, heterosexual, able-bodied, cisgender (predominantly college) women from wealthy, Westernized nations have been centered throughout body image research and practice, thereby perpetuating myths of invulnerability among racialized groups and casting white ideals and experiences as the standard by which marginalized bodies are compared. Body image is shaped by multiple axes of oppression that exist within systemic and structural systems, ultimately privileging certain bodies above others. In this position paper, we highlight how white supremacy has shaped body image research and practice. In doing so, we first review the history of body image research and explain how participant sampling, measurement, interpretive frameworks, and dissemination of research have upheld and reinforced white supremacy. Next, grounded in inclusivity and intersectionality, we advance the Sociostructural-Intersectional Body Image (SIBI) framework to more fully understand the body image experiences of those with racialized and minoritized bodies, while challenging and seeking to upend white supremacy in body image research and practice. We encourage other scholars to utilize the SIBI framework to better understand body inequities and the body image experiences of all people, in all bodies.
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    文章类型: Journal Article
    借鉴了对91位北美前白人至上主义者的深入生活史采访,我们研究参与者如何将杀人暴力视为适当或不适当的政治策略。根据目前的调查结果,参与者认为杀人暴力在很大程度上是不合适的,因为道德上的担忧及其政治上的无效性质,但也讨论了杀人暴力如何成为RAHOWA(种族圣战)或通过神圣授权的适当防御措施。捕捉白人至上主义者如何构建杀人暴力的可容许性,是朝着更好地理解试图构建和谈判涉及暴力和侵略性世界观的集体身份的成员之间暴力的“上限”或阈值迈出的一步。
    Drawing upon in-depth life-history interviews with 91 North American-based former white supremacists, we examine how participants perceive homicidal violence as either an appropriate or inappropriate political strategy. Based on the current findings, participants considered homicidal violence as largely inappropriate due to moral concerns and its politically ineffective nature but also discussed how homicidal violence could be an appropriate defensive measure in RAHOWA (Racial Holy War) or through divine mandate. Capturing how white supremacists frame the permissibility of homicidal violence is a step toward better understanding the \"upper limit\" or thresholds for violence among members who are trying to construct and negotiate a collective identity that involves violent and aggressive worldviews.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    FrantzFanon在精神分析中的接受受到解释性的“障碍”的阻碍,这阻碍了对他的工作和相关性的讨论。这种“障碍”误导地将法农的临床方法定位为必然的外部,或者与,弗洛伊德传统中设想和实践的治疗。因此,分析教育者,学生,治疗师倾向于将法农定位在概念边界的一侧,而将“分析中立”定位在另一侧。这种阅读不仅是错误的,而且不利于精神分析的治愈潜力和持续发展。仔细观察法农经常重复的集会呼声,在其中检查其上下文并打开其意图,允许对“分析中立性”进行歧义消除,并提供了许多外卖,可以帮助读者认识到Fanon对精神分析的贡献的利害关系,并欣赏它们对二元临床治疗的相关性。一个主要的含义是精神分析的重要性,在教育学和临床实践中,采取殖民主义(殖民统治的持续遗产,尤其是白人至上)更严重。
    Frantz Fanon\'s reception within psychoanalysis has been hindered by an interpretive \"snag\" that vexes discussions of his work and relevance. This \"snag\" misleadingly situates Fanon\'s clinical approach as necessarily outside, or antithetical to, treatment as conceived and practiced in the Freudian tradition. As a result, analytic educators, students, and therapists are prone to position Fanon on one side of a conceptual boundary and \"analytic neutrality\" on the other. This reading is not only misguided but detrimental to the healing potential and continued development of psychoanalysis. A closer look at one of Fanon\'s oft-repeated rallying cries, in which its context is examined and its intent unpacked, allows for a disambiguating of \"analytic neutrality\" and affords a number of takeaways that can help readers recognize the stakes of Fanon\'s contributions to psychoanalysis and appreciate their pertinence for dyadic clinical treatment. A major implication is the importance for psychoanalysis, in both pedagogy and clinical practice, to take coloniality (the continued legacies of colonial domination, including especially white supremacy) far more seriously.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    了解美国奴隶制的遗产对于参与反种族主义至关重要,因为种族主义挑战种族健康不平等的根源。然而,很少有医学教育课程来指导这一过程。我们创建了一个研讨会,说明了与这一遗产有关的关键历史主题,并以关键的种族理论为基础。
    在临床前精神病学阻滞期间,医学院二年级的课,分为三组,每组50-60人,参加了研讨会,包括90分钟的讲座,休息30分钟,和60分钟的小组汇报。之后,参与者完成了评估自我报告知识的评估,态度和信仰,以及对车间的满意度。
    一百八十名学生观看了讲座,15人出席小团体汇报会,132人完成了调查。百分之七十六(100)报告没有收到,很小,或者一些先前接触到美国医学和精神病学中奴隶制的遗产。超过80%的人同意或强烈同意研讨会使他们更加了解这一遗产,照片,讲故事,和媒体(视频)促进学习。定性反馈强调了研讨会如何提高学生对奴隶制在医学和精神病学中的存在的遗产的知识。然而,学生们批评了讲座的脚本化方法,并要求更多的讨论,对话,互动,以及这段历史与他们现在可以参与的反种族主义行动的联系。
    尽管这次研讨会提高了人们对奴隶制遗产的认识,学生批评它的结构和方法。在教授这一遗产时,医学院应该考虑扩大内容,确保在安全空间进行讨论的机会,并将其与立即的反种族主义行动联系起来。
    Understanding the legacy of slavery in the United States is crucial for engaging in anti-racism that challenges racial health inequities\' root causes. However, few medical educational curricula exist to guide this process. We created a workshop illustrating key historical themes pertaining to this legacy and grounded in critical race theory.
    During a preclinical psychiatry block, a second-year medical school class, divided into three groups of 50-60, attended the workshop, which comprised a 90-minute lecture, 30-minute break, and 60-minute small-group debriefing. Afterwards, participants completed an evaluation assessing self-reported knowledge, attitudes and beliefs, and satisfaction with the workshop.
    One hundred eighty students watched the lecture, 15 attended small-group debriefings, and 132 completed the survey. Seventy-six percent (100) reported receiving no, very little, or some prior exposure to the legacy of slavery in American medicine and psychiatry. Over 80% agreed or strongly agreed that the workshop made them more aware of this legacy and that the artwork, photographs, storytelling, and media (videos) facilitated learning. Qualitative feedback highlighted how the workshop improved students\' knowledge about the legacy of slavery\'s presence in medicine and psychiatry. However, students criticized the lecture\'s scripted approach and requested more discussion, dialogue, interaction, and connection of this history to anti-racist action they could engage in now.
    Though this workshop improved awareness of the legacy of slavery, students criticized its structure and approach. When teaching this legacy, medical schools should consider expanding content, ensuring opportunities for discussion in safe spaces, and connecting it to immediate anti-racist action.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    在这项研究中,我们从批判种族理论和文化同步性假设的角度,调查了教师对从幼儿园到二年级师幼关系的认知差异,作为儿童种族和性别的函数。鉴于美国教育系统中白人特权和反黑人种族主义的广泛证据,我们期望老师们,尤其是白人教师,会更积极地看待他们与白人儿童的关系,而不是与黑人儿童的关系。控制家庭SES和儿童性别,结果支持了这一假设。黑人男孩被老师认为与幼儿园老师关系不良的风险最高(冲突最高,亲密关系最低),白人女孩的风险最低。此外,教师认为与黑人男孩的关系在一年级和二年级的冲突中以高于白人和女童的比率增加。在作为主持人检查了师生种族匹配之后,这些发现仍然存在。我们的结果表明,种族主义和性别歧视共同解释了教师对小学低年级儿童的看法。讨论了对教师和学校心理学家进行反种族主义和文化能力培训的含义。
    In this study, we investigated differences in teachers\' perceptions of the teacher-child relationship from kindergarten through second grade as a function of child race and gender from the perspective of critical race theory and the cultural synchrony hypothesis. Given the extensive evidence of White privilege and anti-Black racism in the US education system, we expected that teachers, particularly White teachers, would perceive their relationships with White children more positively than with Black children. Controlling for family SES and child gender, results supported this hypothesis. Black boys had the highest risk of being perceived by teachers as having poor relationships with teachers in kindergarten (highest conflict and lowest closeness) and White girls had the lowest risk. In addition, teachers perceived relationships with Black boys as increasing in conflict across first and second grades at higher rates than with White and female children. These findings remained after examining teacher-child racial match as a moderator. Our results indicate that racism and sexism work together to explain the perceptions teachers have of children in the early elementary grades. Implications for training teachers and school psychologists on anti-racism and cultural competency are discussed.
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