市政污水处理厂(MWWTPs)是抗生素抗性基因(ARGs)的全球来源,从各种来源收集废水,包括医院废水,生活污水,来自农业和畜牧业农场的径流,等。这些来源被有机和无机污染物污染,ARGs和抗生素抗性细菌(ARB)。这些污染物有助于富营养化并促进细菌生长。在细菌生长过程中,ARGs和超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBL)编码基因的水平基因转移(HGT)和垂直基因转移(VGT)可能有助于,导致抗生素耐药性呈指数级传播。目前的研究调查了多药耐药(MDR)和ESBL编码基因在MWWTP的各种治疗单位中的流行及其在环境中的传播。总共三个采样点(但是,BRO,和BFB)被选中,分离出33个形态上不同的细菌菌落。33个分离株中的14个检测为抗生素抗性阳性,并进一步检测了MDR和ESBL生产的共存。选出的14个分离株对甲氧苄啶的耐药性最高(85.71%),其次是环丙沙星,阿奇霉素,氨苄青霉素(71.42%),四环素(57.14%),和万古霉素,庆大霉素,和硫酸粘菌素(50%)。共有9个分离株(64.28%)对ESBL产生呈表型阳性(BUT2、BUT3、BUT5、BRO1、BRO2、BRO3、BRO4、BRO5和BFB1)。ESBL编码基因的分子检测,即blaTEM,blaSHV,和blaCTX-M进行。最普遍的基因是blaTEM(69.23%),其次是blaSHV(46.15%),和blaCTX-M(23.07%)。在这项研究中,14个菌株中有9个(64.28%)表现出MDR和ESBL编码基因共存,即BUT3、BUT4、BUT5、BUT6、BUT7、BRO1、BRO2、BRO4和BFB1。ESBL编码基因的共存和对其他抗生素类别的抗性加剧了人类健康和环境。
Municipal wastewater treatment plants (MWWTPs) are a global source of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), collecting wastewater from a variety of sources, including hospital wastewater, domestic wastewater, runoff from agricultural and livestock farms, etc. These sources are contaminated with organic and inorganic pollutants, ARGs and antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB). Such pollutants aided eutrophication and encouraged bacterial growth. During bacterial growth horizontal gene transfer (HGT) and vertical gene transfer (VGT) of ARGs and extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) encoding genes may facilitate, resulting in the spread of antibiotic resistance exponentially. The current study investigated the prevalence of multidrug resistance (MDR) and ESBL encoding genes in various treatment units of MWWTP and their spread in the environment. A total of three sampling sites (BUT, BRO, and BFB) were chosen, and 33 morphologically distinct bacterial colonies were isolated. 14 of the 33 isolates tested positive for antibiotic resistance and were further tested for the coexistence of MDR and ESBL production. The selected 14 isolates showed the highest resistance to trimethoprim (85.71%), followed by ciprofloxacin, azithromycin, and ampicillin (71.42%), tetracycline (57.14%), and vancomycin, gentamicin, and colistin sulphate (50%). A total of 9 isolates (64.28%) were phenotypically positive for ESBL production (BUT2, BUT3, BUT5, BRO1, BRO2, BRO3, BRO4, BRO5 and BFB1). The molecular detection of ESBL encoding genes, i.e. blaTEM, blaSHV, and blaCTX-M was carried out. The most prevalent gene was blaTEM (69.23%), followed by blaSHV (46.15%), and blaCTX-M (23.07%). In this study, 9 isolates (64.28%) out of 14 showed the coexistence of MDR and ESBL encoding genes, namely BUT3, BUT4, BUT5, BUT6, BUT7, BRO1, BRO2, BRO4, and BFB1. The coexistence of ESBL encoding genes and resistance to other antibiotic classes exacerbates human health and the environment.