背景:10月,2017年,世卫组织启动了到2030年消除霍乱的战略。实现这一目标的主要挑战是口服霍乱疫苗的全球供应能力有限,以及自2021年以来霍乱疫情的恶化。为了帮助解决目前口服霍乱疫苗短缺的问题,世卫组织合格的口服霍乱疫苗,通过减少成分数量和灭活方法来重新配制Euvichol-Plus。我们旨在评估Euvichol-S(EuBiologics,首尔,韩国)与主动对照疫苗相比,Shanchol(赛诺菲医疗保健印度,Telangana,印度)在尼泊尔各个年龄段的参与者中。
方法:我们做了一个观察者盲,主动控制,随机化,非自卑,在尼泊尔的四家医院进行了3期试验。符合条件的参与者是1-40岁的健康个体,没有霍乱疫苗接种史。对其他预防性疫苗有超敏反应史的人,严重的慢性疾病,以前的霍乱疫苗接种,在过去3个月内接受血液或血液衍生产品,或在登记前4周内接受其他疫苗,孕妇或哺乳期妇女被排除在外。参与者被随机分配(1:1:1:1)通过块随机化(块大小为两个,四,六,或8)分为四组(A-D组)之一;C和D组按年龄(1-5、6-17和18-40岁)分层。A-C组的参与者被分配接受两次1.5mL剂量的Euvichol-S(三个不同批次),D组的参与者被分配接受活性对照疫苗,Shanchol.所有参与者和现场工作人员(制备和施用研究疫苗的人员除外)都被掩盖到小组分配中。主要免疫原性终点是第二次疫苗剂量后2周,Euvichol-S(C组)与Shanchol(D组)的免疫原性非劣效性,通过血清转换率来衡量,定义为达到血清转换的参与者比例(定义为与基线相比霍乱弧菌O1Inaba和Ogawa滴度增加≥4倍).在符合方案分析集中评估了主要免疫原性终点,其中包括接受所有计划疫苗管理的所有参与者,没有重要的协议偏差,并为所有免疫原性评估提供血液样本。主要安全终点是征求的不良事件的数量,未经请求的不良事件,以及在所有年龄和每个年龄阶层的每个疫苗剂量后的严重不良事件,在接受至少一剂Euvichol-S或Shanchol的所有参与者中进行评估。如果Euvichol-S组C与Shanchol组D的血清转换率之间的差异的95%CI下限高于-10%的预定非劣效性界限,则显示Euvichol-S与Shanchol的非劣效性。该试验在ClinicalTrials.gov注册,NCT04760236。
结果:在2021年10月6日至2022年1月19日之间,2529名健康参与者(男性1261人[49·9%];女性1268人[50·1%]),被随机分配到A组(n=330;Euvichol-S批号ES-2002),B组(n=331;Euvichol-SES-2003),C组(n=934;Euvichol-SES-2004]),或D组(n=934;Shanchol)。在所有年龄段均证实了第二次给药后2周时两种血清型的Euvichol-S与Shanchol的血清转换率均具有非劣效性(霍乱弧菌O1Inaba-0·00[95%CI-1·86至1·86];霍乱弧菌O1Ogawa-1·62[-4·80至1·56])。在安全性分析集中的2529名参与者中,有244名(9.7%)报告了因治疗引起的不良事件,共有403例事件;在1595例Euvichol-S患者中的151例(9·5%)中报告了247例事件,在934例Shanchol患者中的93例(10·0%)中报告了156例事件.发热是两组中最常见的不良事件(1595例Euvichol-S接受者中有57例事件[3·5%],934例Shanchol接受者中有37例事件[3·7%])。没有严重不良事件被认为与疫苗相关。
结论:两种剂量的Euvichol-S疫苗方案不劣于活性对照疫苗,Shanchol,在第二次给药后2周的血清转换率方面。优维沙醇-S疫苗的简化配方和生产要求有可能增加口服霍乱疫苗的供应,减少目前口服霍乱疫苗的供需缺口。
背景:比尔和梅琳达·盖茨基金会。
■有关摘要的尼泊尔翻译,请参见补充材料部分。
BACKGROUND: In October, 2017, WHO launched a strategy to eliminate cholera by 2030. A primary challenge in meeting this goal is the limited global supply capacity of oral cholera vaccine and the worsening of cholera outbreaks since 2021. To help address the current shortage of oral cholera vaccine, a WHO prequalified oral cholera vaccine, Euvichol-Plus was reformulated by reducing the number of components and inactivation methods. We aimed to evaluate the immunogenicity and safety of Euvichol-S (EuBiologics, Seoul, South Korea) compared with an active control vaccine, Shanchol (Sanofi Healthcare India, Telangana, India) in participants of various ages in Nepal.
METHODS: We did an observer-blind, active-controlled, randomised, non-inferiority, phase 3 trial at four hospitals in Nepal. Eligible participants were healthy individuals aged 1-40 years without a history of cholera vaccination. Individuals with a history of hypersensitivity reactions to other preventive vaccines, severe chronic disease, previous cholera vaccination, receipt of blood or blood-derived products in the past 3 months or other vaccine within 4 weeks before enrolment, and pregnant or lactating women were excluded. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1:1:1) by block randomisation (block sizes of two, four, six, or eight) to one of four groups (groups A-D); groups C and D were stratified by age (1-5, 6-17, and 18-40 years). Participants in groups A-C were assigned to receive two 1·5 mL doses of Euvichol-S (three different lots) and participants in group D were assigned to receive the active control vaccine, Shanchol. All participants and site staff (with the exception of those who prepared and administered the study vaccines) were masked to group assignment. The primary immunogenicity endpoint was non-inferiority of immunogenicity of Euvichol-S (group C) versus Shanchol (group D) at 2 weeks after the second vaccine dose, measured by the seroconversion rate, defined as the proportion of participants who had achieved seroconversion (defined as ≥four-fold increase in V cholerae O1 Inaba and Ogawa titres compared with baseline). The primary immunogenicity endpoint was assessed in the per-protocol analysis set, which included all participants who received all their planned vaccine administrations, had no important protocol deviations, and who provided blood samples for all immunogenicity assessments. The primary safety endpoint was the number of solicited adverse events, unsolicited adverse events, and serious adverse events after each vaccine dose in all ages and each age stratum, assessed in all participants who received at least one dose of the Euvichol-S or Shanchol. Non-inferiority of Euvichol-S compared with Shanchol was shown if the lower limit of the 95% CI for the difference between the seroconversion rates in Euvichol-S group C versus Shanchol group D was above the predefined non-inferiority margin of -10%. The trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04760236.
RESULTS: Between Oct 6, 2021, and Jan 19, 2022, 2529 healthy participants (1261 [49·9%] males; 1268 [50·1%] females), were randomly assigned to group A (n=330; Euvichol-S lot number ES-2002), group B (n=331; Euvichol-S ES-2003), group C (n=934; Euvichol-S ES-2004]), or group D (n=934; Shanchol). Non-inferiority of Euvichol-S versus Shanchol in seroconversion rate for both serotypes at 2 weeks after the second dose was confirmed in all ages (difference in seroconversion rate for V cholerae O1 Inaba -0·00 [95% CI -1·86 to 1·86]; for V cholerae O1 Ogawa -1·62 [-4·80 to 1·56]). Treatment-emergent adverse events were reported in 244 (9·7%) of 2529 participants in the safety analysis set, with a total of 403 events; 247 events were reported among 151 (9·5%) of 1595 Euvichol-S recipients and 156 events among 93 (10·0%) of 934 Shanchol recipients. Pyrexia was the most common adverse event in both groups (57 events among 56 [3·5%] of 1595 Euvichol-S recipients and 37 events among 35 [3·7%] of 934 Shanchol recipients). No serious adverse events were deemed to be vaccine-related.
CONCLUSIONS: A two-dose regimen of Euvichol-S vaccine was non-inferior to the active control vaccine, Shanchol, in terms of seroconversion rates 2 weeks after the second dose. The simplified formulation and production requirements of the Euvichol-S vaccine have the potential to increase the supply of oral cholera vaccine and reduce the gap between the current oral cholera vaccine supply and demand.
BACKGROUND: The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
UNASSIGNED: For the Nepali translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.