感染人类的双生吸虫超过109种,属于全世界49属。根据它们在确定宿主中的栖息地,它们被归类为6个血吸虫(日本血吸虫。S.Mekongi,马来西亚,S.Mansoni,S、插层,和链球菌),15肝吸虫(肝片吸虫,F.巨大的,华支睾吸虫,Opisthorchisviverrini,O.Felineus,树枝状双腔,D.收容所,Metorchisbilis,M.conjectus,东方天牛,Amphimerussp.,A.novervca,A.伪费利纳,假两栖树,和P.aethiopicum),九个肺吸虫(并吸虫,P.异型,P.skrjabini,P.skrjabinimiyazakii,P.Kellicotti,墨西哥P.P.非洲,子宫双股,和P.gondwanensis),30个异生肠吸虫(Metagonimusyokogawai,高桥先生,M.Miyatai,suifunensis,M.katsuradai,M.Pusillus,M.Minutus,杂种杂种,H.nocens,H.dispar,太水Haplorchistaichui,H.Pumilio,H.横河,H.Vanissinus,Centrocestusformosanus,C.Armatus,虎尾蛇,C.kurokawai,延髓腐殖质,P.varium,genata念珠菌,P.summa,StictodoraFuscata,S.Lari,Stellantchasmusfalcatus,异生连续体,棘刺,Apophallusdonicus,Ascocotylelonga,和Cryptocotylelingua),24只棘突肠吸虫(棘突,E.cinetorchis,E.mekongi,E.paraensei,E.ilocanum,E.Lindoense,E.Macrorchis,E.angustestis,埃及伊蚊,叶枯草,I.Melis,日本棘突,E.perfoliatus,E.Lilliputanus,E.caninus,E.Jiufoensis,E.福建,马来Artyfechinostomum,A.sufrartyfex,A.Oraoni,刺五加,前回棘球蚴,Himasthlamuehlensi,和精草),23种其他肠吸虫(Brachylaimacribbi,Caprimolgorchismolenkampi,Phaneropsolusbonnei,P.spinicirus,日本子叶,筋膜,人形天麻,长毛,WatsoniusWatsoni,Gymnophalloidesseoi,半壁虎,小阴茎,等心兰,Nanophyetussalmincola,N.Schikobalowi,seoulense新双倍体造口,鹦鹉,Plagiorchismuris,P.vespertilionis,P.Harinasutai,P.javensis,菲律宾,和间日疟原虫),一只咽喉吸虫(Clinostostumcomanatum),和一个胰腺吸虫(Eurytrumapanisaticum)。传播给人类的方式包括接触被水污染的尾c(血吸虫)或摄入生的或未煮熟的食物,包括鱼(肝吸虫,异生吸虫,棘突造口术,和喉咙吸虫),蜗牛(棘球虫,brachylaimids,和体操吸虫),两栖动物,爬行动物(新二倍体),水生蔬菜(筋膜和两栖类),和昆虫幼虫或成虫(卵磷脂类,plagiorchiids,和胰腺吸虫)。吡喹酮已被证明对除Fasciolaspp外的几乎所有吸虫感染都非常有效。需要进行流行病学调查和检测人类感染,以便更好地了解流行情况,感染强度,和每个吸虫物种的地理分布。
Digenetic trematodes infecting humans are more than 109 species that belong to 49 genera all over the world. According to their habitat in the definitive hosts, they are classified as 6 blood flukes (Schistosoma japonicum. S. mekongi, S. malayensis, S. mansoni, S. intercalatum, and S. haematobium), 15 liver flukes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Clonorchis sinensis, Opisthorchis viverrini, O. felineus, Dicrocoelium dendriticum, D. hospes, Metorchis bilis, M. conjunctus, M. orientalis, Amphimerus sp., A. noverca, A. pseudofelineus, Pseudamphistomum truncatum, and P. aethiopicum), nine lung flukes (Paragonimus westermani, P. heterotremus, P. skrjabini, P. skrjabini miyazakii, P. kellicotti, P. mexicanus, P. africanus, P. uterobilateralis, and P. gondwanensis), 30 heterophyid intestinal flukes (Metagonimus yokogawai, M. takahashii, M. miyatai, M. suifunensis, M. katsuradai, M. pusillus, M. minutus, Heterophyes heterophyes, H. nocens, H. dispar, Haplorchis taichui, H. pumilio, H. yokogawai, H. vanissinus, Centrocestus formosanus, C. armatus, C. cuspidatus, C. kurokawai, Procerovum calderoni, P. varium, Pygidiopsis genata, P. summa, Stictodora fuscata, S. lari, Stellantchasmus falcatus, Heterophyopsis continua, Acanthotrema felis, Apophallus donicus, Ascocotyle longa, and Cryptocotyle lingua), 24 echinostome intestinal flukes (Echinostoma revolutum, E. cinetorchis, E. mekongi, E. paraensei, E. ilocanum, E. lindoense, E. macrorchis, E. angustitestis, E. aegyptica, Isthmiophora hortensis, I. melis, Echinochasmus japonicus, E. perfoliatus, E. lilliputanus, E. caninus, E. jiufoensis, E. fujianensis, Artyfechinostomum malayanum, A. sufrartyfex, A. oraoni, Acanthoparyphium tyosenense, Echinoparymphium recurvatum, Himasthla muehlensi, and Hypoderaeum conoideum), 23 miscellaneous intestinal flukes (Brachylaima cribbi, Caprimolgorchis molenkampi, Phaneropsolus bonnei, P. spinicirrus, Cotylurus japonicus, Fasciolopsis buski, Gastrodiscoides hominis, Fischoederius elongatus, Watsonius watsoni, Gymnophalloides seoi, Gynaecotyla squatarolae, Microphallus brevicaeca, Isoparorchis hypselobagri, Nanophyetus salmincola, N. schikobalowi, Neodiplostomum seoulense, Fibricola cratera, Plagiorchis muris, P. vespertilionis, P. harinasutai, P. javensis, P. philippinensis, and Prohemistomum vivax), one throat fluke (Clinostomum complanatum), and one pancreatic fluke (Eurytrema pancreaticum). The mode of transmission to humans includes contact with cercariae contaminated in water (schistosomes) or ingestion of raw or improperly cooked food, including fish (liver flukes, heterophyid flukes, echinostomes, and throat flukes), snails (echinostomes, brachylaimids, and gymnophallid flukes), amphibia, reptiles (neodiplostomes), aquatic vegetables (fasciolids and amphistomes), and insect larvae or adults (lecithodendriids, plagiorchiids, and pancreatic flukes). Praziquantel has been proven to be highly effective against almost all kinds of trematode infections except Fasciola spp. Epidemiological surveys and detection of human infections are required for a better understanding of the prevalence, intensity of infection, and geographical distribution of each trematode species.