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This analysis was part of the Pain and Smoking Study (PASS), a randomized trial of a cognitive behavioral intervention (CBI) for Veterans with chronic pain who smoke. The objective of this study was to examine factors associated with participation in the walking component of the intervention. Demographics and clinical characteristics were obtained at baseline. Completion of two or more CBI counseling sessions was required to be included in analyses. Average daily step counts obtained via pedometer in the prior week were recorded in up to three telephone counseling sessions. Participants were then categorized as \"sedentary\" (≤ 4999 daily steps) or \"not sedentary\" (≥ 5000 daily steps). Multivariable logistic regression was used to model variance in activity categorization. Overall, 91.0% of participants were men, 70.5% were white, mean age was 58.4 years, mean BMI was 28.6, median pack years was 20.5, and 43.8% were depressed. Veterans reported moderate pain intensity (4.9/10) and pain interference (5.4/10). Pain locations included: lower extremity (67.4%), back (53.4%) and upper extremity (28.1%). Median daily steps were 2491 [IQR: 1720-3550] (sedentary) (n = 65), 7307 [IQR: 5952-8533] (not sedentary) (n = 24), and 3196 [IQR: 2237-5067] (overall) (n = 89). Veterans with older age (odds ratio (OR): 1.10, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.04, 1.17) and presence of LE pain (OR: 5.98, 95% CI: 1.82, 19.65) had increased odds of being \"sedentary.\" Integrated smoking cessation and chronic pain self-management interventions that include a walking component may need to consider the impact of age and pain location on participation.Trial registration: The trial is registered at www.ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02971137). First posted on November 22, 2016.

Mildewed tobacco leaves seriously impact on cigarette product quality and pose a health risk to person. However, early moldy tobacco leaves are hardly found by naked eyes in the workshop. In this work, we self-assemble AuAg nanoalloys on silicon wafers to construct Si/AuAg chips. The headspace-surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) protocol is developed to monitor volatile 1,2-dichloro-3-methoxybenzene (2,3-DCA) and 2,4,6-trichloroanisole (2,4,6-TCA) released from postharvest tobacco. Consequently, the visualization of the SERS peak at 1592 cm-1 assigned to ν(CC) after headspace collection for 10 min and the SERS intensity ratio of 1054 and 1035 cm-1 from 2,3-DCA and 2,4,6-TCA less than 0.5 could be used as indicators to predict early moldy tobacco. Additionally, with headspace collection time prolonging to 2 h, a SERS band at 682 cm-1 due to ν(CCl) of 2,4,6-TCA occurs, confirming the mildew of leaves. The headspace-SERS protocol paves a path for rapid and on-site inspection of the quality of tobacco leaves and cigarettes during storage with a portable Raman system.

OBJECTIVE: Prospective associations between preadolescent neurocognitive structure and onset of substance use in adolescence have not been examined. This study investigated associations between cognitive structure among youth aged 9 - 10 years and the likelihood of experimentation with tobacco and alcohol by ages 13-14 years.
METHODS: A principal component (PC) analysis of nine neurocognitive assessments was used to identify the cognitive structure of unrelated adolescent brain cognitive development study participants (n = 9,655). We modeled associations between neurocognitive PCs and odds of tobacco or alcohol use by ages 13-14 years using generalized linear mixed models with a logit link and random intercept for recruitment sites. Demographics, family conflict, neighborhood safety, and externalizing and internalizing behavior were considered covariates.
RESULTS: Four neurocognitive PCs were identified and labeled general ability, executive function, learning and memory, and mental rotation. Mental rotation [odds ratio [OR] = 0.88, p-value = .013] was associated with lower odds of youth tobacco use; the association was stronger among female youth. General ability [OR = 1.20, p-value < .0001] among both males and females, and learning and memory [OR = 1.11, p-value = .024] among females, were associated with increased odds of youth alcohol use.
CONCLUSIONS: Among youth, higher neurocognitive performance was protective for tobacco use but increased the likelihood of alcohol use. Potential sex differences were identified. The role of cognition in processing the social contexts surrounding tobacco and alcohol use in the United States may contribute to the formation of disparate youth expectancies for tobacco and alcohol use.

OBJECTIVE: Cannabis legalization has triggered an increase in prenatal cannabis use. Given that tobacco is commonly co-used with cannabis, determining outcomes associated with prenatal cannabis and tobacco co-exposure is crucial. While literature exists regarding the individual effects of prenatal cannabis and tobacco exposure on childhood behaviour, there is a gap regarding their combined use, which may have interactive effects. Therefore, we investigated whether prenatal cannabis and tobacco co-exposure was associated with greater externalizing and internalizing problems in middle childhood compared to prenatal exposure to either substance alone or no exposure.
METHODS: Baseline data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study (collected in children ages 9-11) were used to explore differences in externalizing and internalizing scores derived from the Childhood Behavior Checklist across four groups: children with prenatal cannabis and tobacco co-exposure (CT, n = 290), children with prenatal cannabis-only exposure (CAN, n = 225), children with prenatal tobacco-only exposure (TOB, n = 966), and unexposed children (CTL, n = 8,311). We also examined if the daily quantity of tobacco exposure modulated the effect of cannabis exposure on outcomes.
RESULTS: Adjusting for covariates, a 2 × 2 ANCOVA revealed significant main effects for prenatal cannabis (p = 0.03) and tobacco exposure (p < 0.001), and a significant interaction effect on externalizing scores (p = 0.032); no significant main effects or interactions were found for internalizing scores. However, interactions between daily quantity of cannabis and tobacco exposure significantly predicted both externalizing and internalizing scores (p < 0.01).
CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that co-exposure is associated with greater externalizing problems than exposure to either substance alone, which did not differ from each other. Further, greater tobacco exposure may amplify the negative effect of cannabis exposure on both externalizing and internalizing behaviours in children. These findings underscore the need for interventions that target cannabis and tobacco co-use in pregnant women to circumvent their adverse impact on middle childhood behaviour.
Prenatal Cannabis and Tobacco Co-exposure and its Association with Middle Childhood BehavioursPlain Language SummaryGiven the high rates of both cannabis and tobacco use during pregnancy, we explored if their combined use was associated with greater problematic behaviour in 10-year-old children compared to either substance alone or no substance use. We found that children with prenatal co-exposure had greater externalizing behaviours, such as attention problems and aggression, compared to children with prenatal exposure to one of the substances or no exposure. Prenatal co-exposure, cannabis-only exposure and tobacco-only exposure had no effect on childhood internalizing behaviours (e.g., depression, anxiety). However, the amount of tobacco consumed by the mother amplified the negative effect of cannabis on both childhood externalizing and internalizing behaviours. These findings emphasize the need for specialized treatment for cannabis and tobacco co-use in pregnant women to circumvent the adverse impact of these substances on externalizing behaviours in middle childhood.

UNASSIGNED: Buerger\'s disease, being a systemic inflammatory vasculopathy, may present with ocular findings.
UNASSIGNED: This study aims to understand the potential role of optical coherence tomography and angiography findings in evaluating the course of Buerger\'s disease.
UNASSIGNED: This was a prospective, cross-sectional study that included 25 patients with Buerger\'s disease (Group 1) and 51 healthy control participants, of whom 27 were smokers (Group 2) and 24 were non-smokers (Group 3). Following a detailed ophthalmic examination, optical coherence tomography and angiography measurements were conducted on participants. The values of macular superficial and deep capillary plexus, peripapillary capillary plexus vessel density measurements were taken into account from optical coherence tomography angiography measurements. Furthermore, measurements were taken for the parameters of the foveal avascular zone, including its area, perimeter and acircularity index. Additionally, the choriocapillaris flow area was assessed between radii of 1 mm, 2 mm, and 3 mm.
UNASSIGNED: In patients with Buerger\'s disease, the area and perimeter of the foveal avascular zone were higher than in both smoker and non-smoker healthy groups (p < 0.001 for all). The vessel densities in superficial capillary plexus were found to be lower in patients with Buerger\'s disease compared to both smokers and non-smokers in all regions except the parafovea (p < 0.05 for all). The radial peripapillary capillary plexus vessel densities in the whole retina and peripapillary region were lower than those in the non-smoker group (p < 0.001 and p = 0.008). The choriocapillaris flow areas in all three radius were lower in the smoker group than in the non-smoker group (1 mm, p = 0.01; 2 mm, p = 0.005; 3 mm, p = 0.011).
UNASSIGNED: Buerger\'s disease extends beyond the extremities, affecting vascular density and tissue perfusion in the optic disc and macula, making it a systemic condition. This disease can have ocular involvement without causing serious ocular findings.

BACKGROUND: Latino adults experience multiple barriers to healthcare access and treatment that result in tobacco-related disparities. Mobile interventions have the potential to deliver smoking cessation treatment among Latino adults, the highest users of mobile technologies.
OBJECTIVE: Is Decídetexto, a culturally accommodated mobile health intervention, more effective for smoking cessation compared to standard care among Latino adults who smoke?
METHODS: A two-arm parallel group randomized clinical trial (RCT) was conducted in Kansas, New Jersey, and New York between October 2018 and September 2021. Eligible Latino adults who smoke (n=457) were randomly assigned to Decídetexto or a standard care group. The primary outcome was biochemically verified 7-day smoking abstinence at week 24. Secondary outcomes included self-reported 7-day smoking abstinence at weeks 12 and 24, and uptake and adherence of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT).
RESULTS: Participants mean age was 48.7 (SD 11.1) years, 45.2% were female, and 50.3% smoked ≥10 cigarettes per day. Two hundred twenty-nine participants were assigned to Decídetexto and 228 to standard care. Treating those lost to follow-up as participants who continued smoking, 14.4% of participants in the Decídetexto group were biochemically verified abstinent at week 24 compared to 9.2% in the standard care group (OR 1.66 [95% CI, 0.93-2.97], p=0.09). Treating those lost to follow-up as participants who continued smoking, 34.1% of the participants in the Decídetexto group self-reported smoking abstinence at week 24 compared to 20.6% of participants in the standard care group (OR 1.99 [95%, 1.31-3.03]; p<0.001). Analyzing only participants who completed the assessment at week 24, 90.6% (174/192) of participants in the Decídetexto group self-reported using NRT for at least one day compared to 70.2% (139/198) of participants in standard care (OR 4.10 [95% CI, 2.31-7.28]; p<0.01).
CONCLUSIONS: Among Latino adults who smoke, the Decídetexto intervention was not associated with a statistically significant increase in biochemically verified abstinence at week 24. However, the Decídetexto intervention was associated with a statistically significant increase in self-reported 7-day smoking abstinence at weeks 12 and 24, and uptake of NRT. This RCT provides encouragement for the use of Decídetexto for smoking cessation among Latino adults.
BACKGROUND: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03586596.

UNASSIGNED: The components of kretek cigarettes include tobacco as the main part, clove, and sauce. Filtered kretek cigarettes are kretek cigarettes that have one end filtered. Cigarette smoke contributes to the disruption of the respiratory system, so it is necessary to know the effect of low doses of cigarette smoke on changes in the histometric of the respiratory system, and whether it affects p53 gene expression. This study aims to determine changes in the histometric of the respiratory system and p53 gene expression.
UNASSIGNED: In this study, we used Sprague-Dawley rats. Group I of rats breathing normal air, were not exposed to filtered kretek cigarette smoke (as a control). Group II of rats, as a treatment group, were exposed to filtered kretek cigarette smoke 1 stick/day for 3 months. The results of lung histometry measurements and p53 gene expression between groups were analyzed using the Independent Sample T-test. The difference between groups is significant if the test results show P < 0.05.
UNASSIGNED: Bronchioles length, width, area, and perimeter in group I were 40.55±1.57 μm, 14.82±0.41 μm, 494.61±5.62 μm2, and 233.87±4.51 μm, respectively. Bronchioles length, width, area, and perimeter in group II were 30.76±0.78 μm, 9.28±0.40 μm, 297.32±2.53 μm2, and 177.84±5.15 μm, respectively. The area and perimeter of respiratory bronchioles in group I were 17.68±0.49 μm2, and 26.60±0.52 μm respectively, while those in group II were 19.28±0.35 μm2, and 29.28±0.35 μm, respectively. Mucus was found in the bronchioles and respiratory bronchioles in group II, however, there was no visible mucus observed in group I. In addition, it was also concluded that exposure to low doses of filtered kretek cigarette smoke, 1 cigarette/day for 3 months, increased the expression of the p53 gene in the lungs of rats.
UNASSIGNED: The size of bronchioles in rats decreased after being exposed to filtered kretek cigarette smoke 1 stick/day for 3 months, while the size of respiratory bronchioles increased. In addition, exposure to filtered kretek cigarette smoke increased the expression of the p53 gene in the rat lungs.

OBJECTIVE: Cannabis and nicotine (tobacco or e-cigarettes) use commonly co-occurs and understanding their relationship can help to inform public health strategies to prevent their harms. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the association of cannabis use given prior nicotine use and vice versa.
METHODS: PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO, Google Scholar and a hand-search were conducted in 2023 for longitudinal studies of the general population with no restrictions in settings (locations). Random-effects meta-analysis was conducted to estimate odds ratios between cannabis and nicotine use in both directions. The impact of unmeasured confounding was assessed using E-values.
RESULTS: From 5387 identified records, we included 20 studies. Among cannabis-naïve youths, baseline use of any nicotine products was positively associated with initiation of any cannabis use at follow-up [odds ratio (OR) = 5.39, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 3.19, 9.11; adjusted OR (aOR) = 2.59, 95% CI = 2.01, 3.32]. In nicotine-naïve participants (youths + adults), baseline cannabis use was positively associated with the initiation of any nicotine use at follow-up (OR = 4.08, 95% CI = 2.05, 8.11; aOR = 2.94, 95% CI =1.54, 5.61). There were no significant associations between baseline cannabis use and subsequent initiation of any nicotine (aOR = 3.29, 95% CI = 0.85, 12.76) or daily nicotine use (aOR = 2.63, 95% CI = 0.41, 16.95) among youths. The median E-values were 5.5 for nicotine exposure and cannabis use initiation and 4.1 for cannabis exposure and nicotine use initiation, indicating that substantial unmeasured confounding would need to have a strong association with both outcomes to fully explain away the cannabis and nicotine relationship.
CONCLUSIONS: Although the evidence for associations between cannabis use and tobacco use is mixed, a majority of studies to date have found that cannabis use is associated with prior nicotine use and vice versa.