UNASSIGNED: The present study was carried out to assess the awareness of the adverse consequences of tobacco use in the semi-urban school population in Wardha district because tobacco use in schools is a significant concern and is rising at an alarming rate. The purpose of the current study was to assess the prevalence of tobacco use among students and teachers as well as their knowledge of the negative effects of tobacco use. It also aimed to educate students and teachers about these effects and assess the effectiveness of the intervention.
UNASSIGNED: A total of 350 students from a semi-urban school in the Wardha area participated in this study. Pre-tests were administered to a group of chosen kids and instructors to gauge their familiarity with tobacco. After the pre-test data were analyzed, teachers were offered intervention. PowerPoint presentations, posters, and models were used to educate them about the dangers of tobacco usage for dental health. There were discussions, role plays, and skits done. After the instruction, the students took a post-test to gauge how well they understood what they had learned.
UNASSIGNED: The recent study is a significant step toward the semi-urban school population quitting smoking. Overall, the study involves testing participants\' knowledge, teaching them about tobacco\'s negative consequences, and inspiring habitual smokers to completely kick the habit. The majority of the NTCP questionnaire\'s elements were significant when compared to knowledge of tobacco use and its components (*p0.05; significant).
UNASSIGNED: The suggested study is a significant step toward the semi-urban school population quitting smoking. The research will provide a genuine and dependable change and help promote optimal dental health.

Although major countries, such as South Korea, have developed and disseminated national smoking cessation guidelines, these efforts have been limited to developing individual societies or specialized institution-based recommendations. Therefore, evidence-based clinical guidelines are essential for developing smoking cessation interventions and promoting effective smoking cessation treatments. This guideline targets frontline clinical practitioners involved in a smoking cessation treatment support program implemented in 2015 with the support of the National Health Insurance Service. The Guideline Development Group of 10 multidisciplinary smoking cessation experts employed the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE)-ADOLOPMENT approach to review recent domestic and international research and guidelines and to determine evidence levels using the GRADE methodology. The guideline panel formulated six strong recommendations and one conditional recommendation regarding pharmacotherapy choices among general and special populations (mental disorders and chronic obstructive lung disease [COPD]). Strong recommendations favor varenicline rather than a nicotine patch or bupropion, using varenicline even if they are not ready to quit, using extended pharmacotherapy (>12 weeks) rather than standard treatment (8-12 weeks), or using pharmacotherapy for individuals with mental disorders or COPD. The conditional recommendation suggests combining varenicline with a nicotine patch instead of using varenicline alone. Aligned with the Korean Society of Medicine\'s clinical guideline development process, this is South Korea\'s first domestic smoking cessation treatment guideline that follows standardized guidelines. Primarily focusing on pharmacotherapy, it can serve as a foundation for comprehensive future smoking cessation clinical guidelines, encompassing broader treatment topics beyond medications.

BACKGROUND: There are multiple systematic reviews and meta-analyses on the efficacy and safety of pharmacological treatments against nicotine dependence. However, there are few guidelines to answer frequent questions asked by a clinician treating a smoker. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to facilitate the treatment of tobacco addiction.
METHODS: 12 PICO questions are formulated from a GLOBAL PICO question: \"Efficacy and safety of pharmacological treatment of tobacco dependence\". A systematic review was carried out to answer each of the questions and recommendations were made. The GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation) system was used to grade the certainty of the estimated effects and the strength of the recommendations.
RESULTS: Varenicline, nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), bupropion and cytisine are more effective than placebo. Varenicline and combined nicotine therapy are superior to the other therapies. In smokers with high dependence, a combination of drugs is recommended, being more effective those associations containing varenicline. Other optimization strategies with lower efficacy consist of increasing the doses, the duration, or retreat with varenicline. In specific populations varenicline or NRT is recommended. In hospitalized, the treatment of choice is NRT. In pregnancy it is indicated to prioritize behavioral treatment. The financing of smoking cessation treatments increases the number of smokers who quit smoking. There is no scientific evidence of the efficacy of pharmacological treatment of smoking cessation in adolescents.
CONCLUSIONS: The answers to the 12 questions allow us to extract recommendations and algorithms for the pharmacological treatment of tobacco dependence.

UNASSIGNED: Health warnings in tobacco advertisements provide health information while also increasing the perceived risks of tobacco use. However, existing federal laws requiring warnings on advertisements for tobacco products do not specify whether the rules apply to social media promotions.
UNASSIGNED: This study aims to examine the current state of influencer promotions of little cigars and cigarillos (LCCs) on Instagram and the use of health warnings in influencer promotions.
UNASSIGNED: Instagram influencers were identified as those who were tagged by any of the 3 leading LCC brand Instagram pages between 2018 and 2021. Posts from identified influencers, which mentioned one of the three brands were considered LCC influencer promotions. A novel Warning Label Multi-Layer Image Identification computer vision algorithm was developed to measure the presence and properties of health warnings in a sample of 889 influencer posts. Negative binomial regressions were performed to examine the associations of health warning properties with post engagement (number of likes and comments).
UNASSIGNED: The Warning Label Multi-Layer Image Identification algorithm was 99.3% accurate in detecting the presence of health warnings. Only 8.2% (n=73) of LCC influencer posts included a health warning. Influencer posts that contained health warnings received fewer likes (incidence rate ratio 0.59, P<.001, 95% CI 0.48-0.71) and fewer comments (incidence rate ratio 0.46, P<.001, 95% CI 0.31-0.67).
UNASSIGNED: Health warnings are rarely used by influencers tagged by LCC brands\' Instagram accounts. Very few influencer posts met the US Food and Drug Administration\'s health warning requirement of size and placement for tobacco advertising. The presence of a health warning was associated with lower social media engagement. Our study provides support for the implementation of comparable health warning requirements to social media tobacco promotions. Using an innovative computer vision approach to detect health warning labels in influencer promotions on social media is a novel strategy for monitoring health warning compliance in social media tobacco promotions.

UNASSIGNED: Awareness in semi-urban school population about harmful effects of tobacco use. Hence, the objectives of the present research protocol are to evaluate the incidence of tobacco usage amongst school children and educators, to evaluate the knowledge of students and teachers regarding the harmful effects of tobacco, to educate students and teachers regarding the deleterious effects of tobacco and to evaluate the success of the intervention.
UNASSIGNED: This study will be conducted at a semi-urban school located in the Wardha district. A cluster of students and teachers will be selected and will be given a pre-test to assess their knowledge regarding tobacco. The questionnaire will also help in evaluating the total number of participants consuming tobacco. Teachers will be given intervention when the data from the pre-test has been analysed. They will be educated regarding tobacco and its effects on oral health with the use of PowerPoint presentations, posters and models. Activities such as skits, role plays and discussions will be performed. Teachers will be asked to educate the students regarding the same. After the students are educated, they will be given a post-test to evaluate their understanding after the teachers have educated them. Tobacco users will be motivated to complete the cessation of tobacco. A questionnaire comprises 20 questions that are taken from National Tobacco Control Programme (NTPC) guidelines.
UNASSIGNED: The proposed study represents a major step towards tobacco cessation amongst semi-urban school population. Overall, the study includes evaluating the knowledge of participants, educating them regarding the harmful effects of tobacco and motivating the participants who are tobacco chewers to complete stoppage of habit. The study will develop a valid and reliable change and would contribute in the development of good oral health. This research will provide in the Indian context, evidence that will underpin better selection in semi-urban schools of the Wardha district.
UNASSIGNED: The proposed study represents a major step towards tobacco cessation amongst semi-urban school population. The study will develop a valid and reliable change and would contribute in the development of good oral health.

BACKGROUND: In addition to the prevention of tobacco consumption, the establishment and assurance of high-quality treatment for harmful use and dependence on tobacco products remains an important health-related task in Germany. Regular updating of the Association of the Scientific Medical Societies (AWMF) S3 guideline \"Smoking and Tobacco Dependence: Screening, Diagnosis, and Treatment\" (Tobacco Guideline) offers a sustainable and reputable source of knowledge on smoking cessation.
METHODS: Under the auspices of the German Society for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, Psychosomatics, and Neurology (DGPPN) and the German Society for Addiction Research and Addiction Therapy (DG-Sucht), the Tobacco Guideline was revised in 2019-2020 by 63 experts, who were involved in the development process of the text, in 11 working groups. Undue influence of conflicts of interest on the guideline could be minimized through careful conflict of interest management. Delegates from 50 professional societies discussed the 80 guideline recommendations and voted online.
RESULTS: In addition to recommendations for screening and diagnostics, the Tobacco Guideline takes a positive stance towards the use of low-threshold counseling and support services. If, due to the severity of the tobacco-related disorder, brief counseling, telephone counseling, or internet- or smartphone-based methods are not sufficiently effective, individual or group behavioral therapy, possibly in combination with medication, is indicated. If nicotine replacement therapy is not effective, varenicline or bupropion should be offered. Alternative strategies with a lower level of recommendation are hypnotherapy, mindfulness-based treatments, or medication with cytisine. In adolescents and pregnant women, the use of medication should be limited to well-specified exceptions and nicotine replacement. The mean agreement with the recommendations reached a value of 98%. A general overview of the treatment recommendations of the Tobacco Guideline is provided by three clinical algorithms.

BACKGROUND: Patient factors (increased body mass index [BMI], smoking, and diabetes) may impact outcomes after spine surgery. There is a lack of consensus regarding which factors should be screened for and potentially modified preoperatively to optimize outcome.
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this evidence-based clinical practice guideline is to determine if preoperative patient factors of diabetes, smoking, and increased BMI impact surgical outcomes.
METHODS: A systematic review of the literature for studies relevant to spine surgery was performed using the National Library of Medicine PubMed database and the Cochrane Library. Clinical studies evaluating the impact of diabetes or increased BMI with reoperation and/or surgical site infection (SSI) were selected for review. In addition, the impact of preoperative smoking on patients undergoing spinal fusion was reviewed.
RESULTS: A total of 699 articles met inclusion criteria and 64 were included in the systematic review. In patients with diabetes, a preoperative hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) >7.5 mg/dL is associated with an increased risk of reoperation or infection after spine surgery. The review noted conflicting studies regarding the relationship between increased BMI and SSI or reoperation. Preoperative smoking is associated with increased risk of reoperation (Grade B). There is insufficient evidence that cessation of smoking before spine surgery decreases the risk of reoperation.
CONCLUSIONS: This evidence-based guideline provides a Grade B recommendation that diabetic individuals undergoing spine surgery should have a preoperative HbA1c test before surgery and should be counseled regarding the increased risk of reoperation or infection if the level is >7.5 mg/dL. There is conflicting evidence that BMI correlates with greater SSI rate or reoperation rate (Grade I). Smoking is associated with increased risk of reoperation (Grade B) in patients undergoing spinal fusion.The full guidelines can be accessed at https://www.cns.org/guidelines/browse-guidelines-detail/2-preoperative-surgical-risk-assessement.

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BACKGROUND: Maternal smoking constitutes a significant risk to the fetus and is associated with multiple adverse pregnancy outcomes. Despite this, an estimated 6-19% of women in Europe smoke during pregnancy. We conducted a pilot study to examine the feasibility and effectiveness of the clinical practice recommendations of the 2017 Tobacco Cessation Guidelines for High-Risk Groups (TOB-G) for pregnant and postpartum women in an outpatient obstetrics setting.
METHODS: The guideline recommendations were tested on a sample of 67 pregnant women recruited from obstetrics outpatient visits. Pregnant women who smoked received three behavioural counselling sessions through a combination of face-toface and telephone consultations by a midwife trained in the TOBG tobacco treatment recommendations. Smoking status was assessed at 1 month and at 6 months follow-up via self-report.
RESULTS: Seventy-one per cent of pregnant smokers screened agreed to participate in the counselling intervention. Pregnant women participants (mean age, M=31.73 years, SD±6.09) smoked for an average of 12.2 (SD±6.55) years. Women reported smoking an average of 4.82 (SD±4.14) cigarettes per day with 51% reporting smoking within 30 minutes of waking, an indicator of higher levels of nicotine addiction. Rates of smoking abstinence among pregnant women undergoing the counselling intervention were 43.9% and 45.6% at the 1 month and at 6 months follow-up, respectively. Replacing those participants with missing data as smokers, the quit rates were 26.9% and 38.8% at the 1 month and 6 months follow-up, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS: The counselling intervention delivered to pregnant women who smoke was feasible to implement in a manner that was consistent with the TOB-G guideline recommendations in an outpatient obstetrics setting. Future work should focus on increasing uptake of evidence-based tobacco treatment recommendations in outpatient obstetrics settings.

Background: Current tobacco treatment guidelines have established the efficacy of available interventions, but they do not provide detailed guidance for common implementation questions frequently faced in the clinic. An evidence-based guideline was created that addresses several pharmacotherapy-initiation questions that routinely confront treatment teams.Methods: Individuals with diverse expertise related to smoking cessation were empaneled to prioritize questions and outcomes important to clinicians. An evidence-synthesis team conducted systematic reviews, which informed recommendations to answer the questions. The GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) approach was used to rate the certainty in the estimated effects and the strength of recommendations.Results: The guideline panel formulated five strong recommendations and two conditional recommendations regarding pharmacotherapy choices. Strong recommendations include using varenicline rather than a nicotine patch, using varenicline rather than bupropion, using varenicline rather than a nicotine patch in adults with a comorbid psychiatric condition, initiating varenicline in adults even if they are unready to quit, and using controller therapy for an extended treatment duration greater than 12 weeks. Conditional recommendations include combining a nicotine patch with varenicline rather than using varenicline alone and using varenicline rather than electronic cigarettes.Conclusions: Seven recommendations are provided, which represent simple practice changes that are likely to increase the effectiveness of tobacco-dependence pharmacotherapy.