BACKGROUND: To evaluate the effect of staining beverages on the color-changing of resin-infiltrated artificial white spot lesions (WSLs).
METHODS: Thirty-five artificial WSLs were created by pH cycling on flat bovine teeth specimens. The WSLs were treated with resin infiltration and were divided into five groups based on staining beverages: artificial saliva, coffee, wine, green tea, and Coca-Cola. These specimens were subjected to a 28-day exposure to the respective beverages. Color stability was assessed using a spectrophotometer at different time points: baseline, after 7, 14, 21, and 28 days of exposure, and repolishing. The color difference (∆E) between each time point and the baseline was calculated. Statistical analysis was performed using two-way measures ANOVA with a significance level of p = 0.05.
RESULTS: All resin-infiltrated specimens exposed to staining beverages for 7 days exhibited more significant color changes than those exposed to artificial saliva. The color change patterns varied based on the type of beverage. The color alterations intensified with extended immersion in the wine and Coca-Cola groups, while there were no significant differences in the color of specimens after 28 days of immersion in the coffee and green tea groups. However, after cleaning with pumice powder, all specimens showed significantly reduced color changes compared to those observed after 28 days of immersion, except those immersed in coffee.
CONCLUSIONS: Exposure of resin-infiltrated bovine tooth specimens to staining beverages resulted in a significant color alteration as the immersion time increased. However, the staining effect could be minimized by cleaning with pumice powder, except for the coffee group.
CONCLUSIONS: After resin infiltration treatment, patients should be advised to minimize the consumption of colored beverages to prevent staining that could impact esthetic appearance.

UNASSIGNED: Patient stratifications considered the stability of color and treatment longevity are key success of restoration. Daily consumption of colored beverages, such as coffee, tea, and soft drinks, as well as the use of globally consumed materials, such as smokeless tobacco (ST), snuff, Khat, and Yerba mate, can change the color of restorative materials, such as lithium disilicate glass ceramics (LDGC). These changes can ultimately lead to treatment failure.
UNASSIGNED: This in vitro study aimed to evaluate color changes, translucency, and opalescence of full anatomical LDGC crowns exposed to commonly used and potentially colorant solutions.
UNASSIGNED: Ninety LDGC specimens/crowns were prepared and divided into nine groups according to immersion solution (control, Saudi Coffee, Cola, Khat, Yerba mate, Nescafe, ST Snuff, and Mixed Fruit Juice). The specimens were immersed in colorant solutions for 15 days with alternating twice daily at 37 °C. Color parameters were measured with a spectrophotometer and calculated using two backgrounds (black and white). Data were subjected to ANOVA followed by the Student t-test and Bonferroni test at a significant difference level (α = 0.05).
UNASSIGNED: The greatest color change (ΔE*) among groups after immersion was observed in Yerba mate (7.6 ± 1.6). The mean difference of before and after staining within Yerba mate group was 3.14 ± 1.6 (p = 0.001). Translucency mean values of groups after immersion into staining media were ranging between 7.6 ± 1.2 and 9.1 ± 2, showing a slight decrease compared with pre-staining values but was not significantly different. Immersion in Mixed Fruit Juice significantly reduced opalescence (7.4 ± 1.9) compared to (8.8 ± 1.7) before staining.
UNASSIGNED: The findings confirm that appropriate user guidance helps to preserve both translucency and opalescence as well as prevent color changes. This can improve patient compliance and promote treatment longevity.

Tooth loss and subsequent complete denture rehabilitation can profoundly affect a patient\'s psychological and social well-being. Dentures play an important role in helping individuals regain a sense of normalcy as well as facilitating communication in today\'s appearance-conscious society. However, common issues with dentures include discomfort while chewing and dissatisfaction with esthetics and speech. Prosthetic rehabilitation for complete denture patients should aim not just at replacing missing teeth but at fully restoring masticatory functions and appearance. This article outlines a simple, economical, and esthetically pleasing approach to rehabilitating patients with complete dentures, particularly those with resorbed ridges and with difficulty in phonetics. The focus is on comprehensively restoring the patient\'s orofacial complex.

BACKGROUND: Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) is becoming more widely recognized as a simple, cost-effective approach to minimize sensitivity and arrest caries. However, SDF results in caries that are stained black. Potassium iodide (KI) treatment with SDF may minimize or lessen the staining. However, the effectiveness of KI on staining has not been investigated. Studies demonstrating that potassium iodide reduces the black staining are still insufficient. This paper presents the study protocol for Healthy Smiles, a randomized controlled trial implemented to compare the staining propensity of SDF and SDF+KI.
OBJECTIVE: This study, Healthy Smiles, aims to evaluate the staining propensity of SDF and SDF+KI using a Nix Mini color sensor among children aged 4 to 6 years. Another objective of the study is to evaluate the caries-arresting effect of SDF and SDF+KI in the treatment of carious primary teeth.
METHODS: This study is a randomized controlled trial. A total of 60 children with caries that meet the criteria of the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (code 1 or above) will be randomly assigned to treatment groups, where group 1 will be treated with SDF and group 2 will be treated with SDF+KI. Discoloration of treated lesions will be assessed digitally using a Nix Mini color sensor. Participants will be followed up at 1, 3, and 6 months after treatment to digitally record the ∆L and ∆E values using the Nix Mini color sensor. Data will be analyzed using SPSS (version 28; IBM Corp). Independent sample t tests and the Mann-Whitney U test will be used to compare the 2 groups.
RESULTS: Enrollment started in October 2023. It is estimated that the enrollment period will be 12 months. Data collection is planned to be completed in 2024.
CONCLUSIONS: The presented paper describes Happy Smiles, a project that provides an opportunity to address the aesthetic inconvenience of patients without compromising the effectiveness of the SDF treatment. The trial findings will contribute to the limited evidence base related to discoloration after SDF intervention to improve aesthetic appearances in child oral health. If the results from the trial are promising, it will lead to the development of a model for child oral health and pave the way for further research in child oral health.
UNASSIGNED: PRR1-10.2196/51087.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the diagnostic performance of corneal and conjunctival staining, and lid wiper epitheliopathy (LWE) in detecting dry eye disease, as defined by the global consensus Tear Film and Ocular Surface Society Dry Eye Workshop II (TFOS DEWS II) criteria.
METHODS: A total of 2066 community residents (1285 females; mean ± SD age, 40 ± 19 years) were recruited in an investigator-masked, prospective registry-based, diagnostic accuracy study. Dry eye symptomology and ocular surface parameters were assessed in a single clinical session. The Sjögren\'s International Collaborative Clinical Alliance (SICCA) corneal and conjunctival staining scoring and Korb lid wiper epitheliopathy (LWE) grading were evaluated by an independent masked assessor.
RESULTS: Overall, 807 (39 %) participants fulfilled the TFOS DEWS II criteria for dry eye disease, of which 178 (9 %) participants were classified as moderate-to-severe disease. The discriminative abilities of superior and inferior LWE (C-statistics, 0.724 and 0.712, respectively) were greater than corneal and conjunctival staining (C-statistics, 0.573 and 0.627, respectively). The Youden-optimal diagnostic cut-offs for the SICCA corneal and conjunctival staining scores were both ≥1, and the optimal thresholds for the Korb superior and inferior LWE grades were both ≥1. LWE was more commonly detected in both mild-to-moderate and moderate-to-severe dry eye disease, and demonstrated more consistent correlation with other ocular surface parameters across a broader range of disease severity.
CONCLUSIONS: LWE demonstrates superior diagnostic performance relative to corneal and conjunctival staining. These findings would support the routine incorporation of LWE evaluation as part of the diagnostic workup of dry eye disease.

UNASSIGNED: Fluorescein angiography (FA) is a useful investigation in the diagnosis and treatment of retinal and choroidal disease. FA has well-reported adverse effects, most being mild. Very few cases have reported cutaneous venous staining following FA.
UNASSIGNED: Two cases are reported. Case 1 was a 90-year-old female with bilateral neovascular age-related macular degeneration. In the few minutes following her routine FA, she developed cutaneous fluorescein staining ascending along the superficial forearm veins proximal to the cannula in situ at the dorsal wrist. Case 2 was a 50-year-old male with diabetic macular oedema. In the minutes following his FA, he developed cutaneous fluorescein staining descending along the dorsal forearm veins distal to the cannula in situ at the cubital fossa. Both patients were managed conservatively with the stain resolving in the next few days.
UNASSIGNED: Cutaneous fluorescein staining around superficial vasculature is a rare phenomenon. Despite this, it seems to be self-limiting and does not require any treatment.

The increased environmental presence of micro-/nanoplastics (MNPLs) and the potential health risks associated with their exposure classify them as environmental pollutants with special environmental and health concerns. Consequently, there is an urgent need to investigate the potential risks associated with secondary MNPLs. In this context, using \"true-to-life\" MNPLs, resulting from the laboratory degradation of plastic goods, may be a sound approach. These non-commercial secondary MNPLs must be labeled to track their presence/journeys inside cells or organisms. Because the cell internalization of MNPLs is commonly analyzed using fluorescence techniques, the use of fluorescent dyes may be a sound method to label them. Five different compounds comprising two chemical dyes (Nile Red and Rhodamine-B), one optical brightener (Opticol), and two industrial dyes (Amarillo Luminoso and iDye PolyPink) were tested to determine their potential for such applications. Using commercial standards of polystyrene nanoplastics (PSNPLs) with an average size of 170 nm, different characteristics of the selected dyes such as the absence of impact on cell viability, specificity for plastic staining, no leaching, and lack of interference with other fluorochromes were analyzed. Based on the overall data obtained in the wide battery of assays performed, iDye PolyPink exhibited the most advantages, with respect to the other compounds, and was selected to effectively label \"true-to-life\" MNPLs. These advantages were confirmed using a proposed protocol, and labeling titanium-doped PETNPLs (obtained from the degradation of milk PET plastic bottles), as an example of \"true-to-life\" secondary NPLs. These results confirmed the usefulness of iDye PolyPink for labeling MNPLs and detecting cell internalization.

In flowering plants, proper seed development is achieved through the constant interplay of fertilization products, embryo and endosperm, and maternal tissues. Understanding such a complex biological process requires microscopy techniques able to unveil the seed internal morphological structure. Seed thickness and relatively low permeability make conventional tissue staining techniques impractical unless combined with time-consuming dissecting methods. Here, we describe two techniques to imaging the three-dimensional structure of Arabidopsis seeds by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Both procedures, while differing in their time of execution and resolution, are based on cell wall staining of seed tissues with fluorescent dyes.

BACKGROUND: The black staining effect of silver-containing solutions for use to arrest caries can have a negative aesthetic impact on children and parents. This study aims to assess the staining effects of Silver Diamine Fluoride/Potassium Iodide (SDF/KI), SDF and Nanosilver Fluoride (NSF).
METHODS: Forty-four extracted carious primary molars were collected and randomly divided into four groups (n = 11). The carious tissue in all teeth was removed using a chemo-mechanical caries removal agent with an excavator. After caries removal in all groups, SDF, SDF/KI, and NSF were applied to the different groups, while no solution was applied to the control group. Subsequently, the teeth in all groups were restored with compomer. Color values L*, a* and b* were measured using a spectrophotometer at three time points: immediately after compomer restoration (T0), one week later (T1), and four week later (T2). Changes in brightness (ΔL) and color (ΔE) over time were calculated and comparisons among groups were made.
RESULTS: The SDF solution induced statistically significant black staining (p = 0.013) and a decrease in L* value (p < 0.001) on the compomer material compared to the other groups over time.
CONCLUSIONS: It was observed that SDF/KI has the potential to reduce the black staining effect of SDF, though not entirely. Novel experimental solutions like NSF may offer an alternative to counteract the staining effect of SDF.

UNASSIGNED: The aim of this article was to compare the colour stability of short fibre-reinforced computer-assisted design/computer-assisted manufacturing (CAD/CAM) composite (SFRC CAD) to commercially available CAD/CAM materials following prolonged immersion in a variety of beverages. Furthermore, the influence of the polishing technique was evaluated.
UNASSIGNED: A total of 120 rectangular specimens (10 mm length × 14 mm width × 2 mm thickness) were prepared from SFRC CAD, IPS e-max, Cerasmart 270, Celtra Duo, Enamic, and Brilliant Crios. The specimens underwent polishing through either a laboratory polishing machine equipped with 4000-grit silicon carbide paper or chairside polishing using Sof-Lex spiral. Twenty specimens of each tested CAD/CAM material were randomly divided into four groups (n = 5) based on the staining solution used in order to evaluate the colour stability of the materials. Group 1: distilled water, Group 2: coffee, Group 3: red wine, Group 4: coke. Using a spectrophotometer, the colour changes (∆E) of all CAD/CAM materials were assessed at baseline, and after 1 and 12 weeks of staining. Three-way analysis of variance was used to analyse the data (α = 0.05).
UNASSIGNED: The staining solution and material type showed a significant influence on the CAD/CAM specimens\' colour stability (p < 0.05), while polishing method had no significant influence (p > 0.05). The average ∆E values for specimens submerged in wine were considerably higher (p < 0.05) than those for the other solutions. SFRC CAD, Cerasmart 270, and Enamic displayed the highest ∆E values in wine (p < 0.05).
UNASSIGNED: The colour stability of tested SFRC CAD was comparable to other composite-based CAD/CAM materials, while IPS e.max exhibited the highest level of colour stability.