背景:在德国,牛奶和乳制品越来越多地被植物替代品所取代。虽然它们可以用作替代品,它们的营养成分差异很大,因此替代可能导致营养缺乏。到目前为止,还没有以食物为基础的饮食建议表明,当转向以植物为基础的替代品时,哪些食物可以以健康的方式替代牛奶和乳制品。
目的:在此背景下,问题是,当食用植物性替代品而不是牛奶和乳制品时,如何确保关键营养素的充足摄入。为了回答这个问题,这项研究旨在分析为避免可能的营养缺乏需要进行哪些饮食改变,以及可以食用哪些类型的食物。
方法:要回答研究问题,使用线性规划(LP)方法比较了三种不同的模型:健康饮食与(1)牛奶和乳制品,(2)非强化植物替代品和(3)强化植物替代品。这些模型适用于杂食性,pescatarian和素食类型。
结果:结果表明,当食用非强化大豆替代品时,充足的钙供应,在素食的情况下,维生素B12只有在与平均饮食相比做出显著饮食改变的情况下才能实现。这包括水果和蔬菜的消费量显著增加,在群体中,应选择富含钙的品种(例如,绿叶蔬菜)。当食用强化的大豆替代品时,牛奶和乳制品的缺乏可以通过目前添加到市售产品中的营养素得到很好的补偿。
结论:考虑到牛奶和乳制品消费减少或完全放弃的趋势,公共卫生措施应指出可能的营养缺乏以及必要的饮食变化,特别是因为在德国,许多基于植物的替代品没有得到强化。
In Germany, milk and dairy products are increasingly replaced by their plant-based alternatives. Although they can be used as substitutes, they differ significantly in their nutrient composition; thus, substitution could lead to nutrient deficiencies. So far, there are no food-based dietary recommendations that show which foods can replace milk and dairy products in a healthy way when switching to a plant-based substitute.
Against this background, the question arises as to how to ensure adequate intake of critical nutrients when plant-based alternatives are consumed instead of milk and dairy products. To answer this question, this study aims to analyze what dietary changes would be required to avoid possible nutrient deficiencies and what types of foods can be consumed instead.
To answer the research question, 3 different models are compared using the linear programming method: healthy diets with 1) milk and dairy products, 2) nonfortified plant-based alternatives, and 3) fortified plant-based alternatives. The models are applied to omnivorous, pescatarian, and vegetarian diet types.
The results show that when consuming nonfortified soy alternatives, an adequate supply of calcium and, in the case of a vegetarian diet, vitamin B12 can only be achieved if significant dietary changes are made compared to the average diet. This includes a significantly higher consumption of fruit and vegetables, whereby within the groups, calcium-rich varieties should be chosen (e.g., green leafy vegetables). When consuming fortified soy-based alternatives instead, the absence of milk and dairy products can be well compensated by the nutrients currently added to commercially available products.
Given the trend to consume less milk and dairy products or to abstain from them altogether, public health measures should point out possible nutrient deficiencies as well as necessary dietary changes, especially because in Germany, many plant-based alternatives are not fortified.