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Recently, polarity-dependent shock failures were reported in implantable cardioverter-defibrillators caused by structural failure in the high-voltage feedthrough. Short circuits may occur when the right ventricular coil is cathodal for phase 1 of biphasic shocks (cathodal shock). This viewpoint proposes a mechanism for observed polarity dependence and considers whether the same mechanism may apply in other shock-induced, short circuits. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator connections to the lead traverse feedthroughs into the hermetically sealed housing (\"Can\"). The feedthrough comprises 2 concentric, conducting metal cylinders, the inner pin-conductor to the right ventricular coil and outer Can, separated by impermeable insulation. Shock failure depends on 3 conditions: 1) development of a fluid layer in the feedthrough, creating a conduction path in parallel with the shock pathway; 2) the radial gradient of the electric field in the fluid, so resistive heating during a shock vaporizes water to form a high-resistance gas bubble around the pin; and 3) field emission of electrons at the cathode, with rate and energy dependent on the field\'s strength and the cathode\'s potential-energy barrier to emission. For cathodal shocks, electrons emitted at the metal pin may initiate an ionization avalanche in the gas until it \"breaks down\" into a low-resistance plasma, resulting in a short circuit. For anodal shocks, the effective cathode is the liquid-gas interface, where the field is weaker than at the pin. Additionally, solvated electrons in aqueous solution must overcome a higher potential-energy barrier to be emitted. This permits the high-resistance gas bubble to stabilize so that the shock is completed.

Remaining resilient under disruption, while also being sustainable, is essential for continued and equitable seafood supply in a changing world. However, despite the wide application of resilience thinking to sustainability research and the multiple dimensions of social-ecological sustainability, it can be difficult to ascertain how to make a supply chain both resilient and sustainable. In this review, we draw upon the socio-ecological resilience and sustainability literature to identify links and highlight concepts for managing and monitoring adaptive and equitable seafood supply chains. We then review documented responses of seafood supply networks to disruption and detail a case study to describe the attributes of a resilient seafood supply system. Finally, we outline the implications of these responses for social (including wellbeing and equity), economic and environmental sustainability. Disruptions to supply chains were categorised based on their frequency of occurrence (episodic, chronic, cumulative) and underlying themes were derived from supply chain responses for each type of disruption. We found that seafood supply chains were resilient when they were diverse (in either products, markets, consumers or processing), connected, supported by governments at all scales, and where supply chain actors were able to learn and collaborate through trust-based relationships. With planning, infrastructure and systematic mapping, these attributes also can help to build socio-ecological sustainability and move towards more adaptive and equitable seafood supply.

Implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) prevent sudden cardiac death. Anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are underappreciated symptoms. We aimed to systematically synthesize prevalence estimates of mood disorders and symptom severities, pre- and post-ICD insertions. Comparisons were made with control groups, as well as within ICD patients by indication (primary vs. secondary), sex, shock status, and over time.
Databases (Medline, PsycINFO, PubMed, and Embase) were searched without limits from inception to 31 August 2022; 4661 articles were identified, 109 (39 954 patients) of which met criteria.
Random-effects meta-analyses revealed clinically relevant anxiety in 22.58% (95%CI 18.26-26.91%) of ICD patients across all timepoints following insertion and depression in 15.42% (95%CI 11.90-18.94%). Post-traumatic stress disorder was seen in 12.43% (95%CI 6.90-17.96%). Rates did not vary relative to indication group. Clinically relevant anxiety and depression were more likely in ICD patients who experienced shocks [anxiety odds ratio (OR) = 3.92 (95%CI 1.67-9.19); depression OR = 1.87 (95%CI 1.34-2.59)]. Higher symptoms of anxiety were seen in females than males post-insertion [Hedges\' g = 0.39 (95%CI 0.15-0.62)]. Depression symptoms decreased in the first 5 months post-insertion [Hedges\' g = 0.13 (95%CI 0.03-0.23)] and anxiety symptoms after 6 months [Hedges\' g = 0.07 (95%CI 0-0.14)].
Depression and anxiety are highly prevalent in ICD patients, especially in those who experience shocks. Of particular concern is the prevalence of PTSD following ICD implantation. Psychological assessment, monitoring, and therapy should be offered to ICD patients and their partners as part of routine care.

Policy measures aimed at containing the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic had unintended consequences on economic activities globally. In this study, we isolate and investigate the short-term partial impacts of six such measures on the farm and nonfarm incomes of agricultural households and examine the related resilience factors. Using Nigeria as a case study, we find that the COVID containment measures had mixed effects on farm and non-farm incomes in the short run. These varying effects are due to households\' resilience and vulnerability factors, including land size, wealth, income diversification, involvement in processing activities, and reliance on hired labor. Our findings highlight the need for more targeted health crisis containment measures which consider the uniqueness, diversity, and regional heterogeneity of agriculture, especially the potential implications for farm viability.

The early career phase is a key period of identity maintenance and change. But, it is also ripe with important, attention-grabbing occurrences (i.e., critical events) that may modify these processes, particularly influencing women\'s leadership pursuit. Because previous research has overlooked if or how such events might alter identifying or if these processes differ for people who identify as men and women, we integrate the identity and critical events literatures to elaborate on how positive and negative critical events may shape men and women\'s identifying in the work- and non-work domains over time. We propose that critical events\' effects on identity salience will occur both within and across domains, but that these effects will be stronger within (vs. across) domains. While both positive and negative events can exert negative effects on subsequent identity salience, we propose that the effects of critical events on identity salience may be stronger for women (vs. men). Finally, we connect work identity salience with subsequent leadership status, including contextual moderators that enhance or undermine these effects (i.e., inclusive organizational climate and mega-threats, respectively). We conclude with theoretical and practical implications of this research, including for workforce efficiency and social sustainability. We also highlight calls for future research stemming from our review [e.g., sustainability critical events and gendered analyses for (more) accurate science] as well as fruitful research areas and innovative practices at the work-non-work interface for professionals on the path to leadership.

There is little evidence of the impact of syncope in implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) patients in routine community hospital care. This single-centre retrospective study sought to evaluate the incidence and prognostic significance of syncope in consecutive ICD patients.
Data were collected on consecutive patients undergoing first ICD implantation between January 2009 and December 2019. The primary endpoints were the first occurrence of all-cause syncope, all-cause mortality, and all-cause hospitalization. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard models were used to identify risk factors associated with syncope and to analyse the subsequent risk of mortality and hospitalization. 1003 patients (58% primary prevention) were included in the final analysis. During a mean follow-up of 1519 ± 1055 days, 106 (10.6%) experienced syncope, 304 died (30.3%), and 477 (47.5%) were hospitalized for any cause. In an analysis adjusted for baseline variables, the first occurrence of syncope was associated with a significantly increased risk of mortality (HR 2.82, P < 0.001) and the first occurrence of hospitalization (HR 2.46, P = 0.002).
Syncope in ICD recipients is common and associated with a poor prognosis irrespective of baseline variables and ICD programming. The occurrence of syncope is associated with a significant increase in the risk of mortality and hospitalization.

Food systems are increasingly exposed to disruptions and shocks, and they are projected to increase in the future. Most recently, the war in Ukraine and Covid-19 pandemic has increased concerns about the ability to secure the availability of food at stable prices. This article presents a food system resilience framework to promote a national foresight system to better prepare for shocks and disruptions. Our study identified four key elements of resilience: system thinking through science and communication; redundancy of activities and networks; diversity of production and partners; and buffering strategies. Three national means to enhance resilience in the Finnish food system included domestic protein crop production, renewable energy production, and job creation measures. Primary production was perceived as the cornerstone for food system resilience, and the shocks and disruptions that it confronts therefore call for a sufficient and diverse domestic production volume, supported by the available domestic renewable energy. A dialogue between different actors in the food system was highlighted to format a situational picture and enable a rapid response. Our study suggests that to a certain point, concentration and interdependence in the food system increase dialogue and cooperation. For critical resources, sufficient reserve stocks buffer disruptions over a short period in the event of unexpected production or market disruptions. Introducing and strengthening the identified resilience elements and means to the food system call for the preparation of a more holistic and coherent food system policy that acknowledges and emphasises resilience alongside efficiency.
UNASSIGNED: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10669-022-09889-5.

In this paper, we utilise daily stock returns for the Ghanaian equity market (GSE) to examine the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on market volatility. We take return volatility from 2nd January, 2018, to 31st December, 2021, and split it into two periods-the pre-COVID-19 period and the COVID-19 period. Utilising the exponential GARCH (EGARCH) model, we discovered leverage effects in all observed periods. Additionally, the research indicates that the COVID-19 period experienced high volatility with a transient volatility persistence. Furthermore, during the COVID-19 pandemic, positive shocks had a more significant impact on the volatility of the GSE\'s returns than negative news of comparable magnitude.

Using an approach normally used to estimate cumulative excess deaths, we measure the impact of the COVID-19 shock on sales of UK food retailers and restaurants. To control the spread of COVID-19, travel and social interactions were restricted, putting significant pressure on retailers, who had to adapt whilst complying with a fast-changing marketplace. Results show that in the period March-August 2020, COVID-19 restrictions accounted for a £4 billion increase in sales for food retailers, and £4 billion in non-store retailers; and a £20 billion loss in sales in non-food stores, and £25 billion loss in turnover for food and beverage serving services.