Bimetallic nanostructures are promising candidates for the development of enzyme-mimics, yet the deciphering of the structural impact on their catalytic properties poses significant challenges. By leveraging the structural versatility of nanocrystal aerogels, this study reports a precise control of Au-Pt bimetallic structures in three representative structural configurations, including segregated, alloy, and core-shell structures. Benefiting from a synergistic effect, these bimetallic aerogels demonstrate improved peroxidase- and glucose oxidase-like catalytic performances compared to their monometallic counterparts, unleashing tremendous potential in catalyzing the glucose cascade reaction. Notably, the segregated Au-Pt aerogel shows optimal catalytic activity, which is 2.80 and 3.35 times higher than that of the alloy and core-shell variants, respectively. This enhanced activity is attributed to the high-density Au-Pt interface boundaries within the segregated structure, which foster greater substrate affinity and superior catalytic efficiency. This work not only sheds light on the structure-property relationship of bimetallic catalysts but also broadens the application scope of aerogels in biosensing and biological detections.

Between 1867 and 1933, the understanding of leprosy within the colonial medical establishment in Bombay city was fractured on two issues: whether leprosy was contagious and whether individuals with leprosy should be segregated. This article explores how legislation paved the way for resolving these issues in Bombay between 1867 and 1933. Furthermore, the article seeks to problematize the notion of \"diseased bodies\" or \"lepers\" through legislation to protect healthy individuals from possible degeneration. Leprosy in Bombay reflected the anxieties of the city\'s business elite who were averse to accommodating patients from other parts of British India. In addition, the article studies leprosy and \"lepers\" by analyzing archival documents and public health reports within the context of Bombay city.
Entre 1867 et 1933, la lèpre au sein de l\'institution médicale coloniale de la ville de Bombay a été débattue autour de deux questions : était-elle contagieuse et les personnes atteintes devaient-elles faire l\'objet d\'une ségrégation? Cet article explore la manière dont la législation a ouvert la voie à la résolution de ces questions à Bombay pour la période étudiée. En outre, l\'article cherche à problématiser la notion de « corps malades » ou de « lépreux » au sein d\'une législation qui visait à protéger les individus sains d\'une éventuelle dégénérescence. La lèpre à Bombay reflétait les inquiétudes de l’élite économique de la ville, peu encline à accueillir des patients originaires d\'autres régions de l\'Inde britannique. L\'article se penche également sur la lèpre et les « lépreux » en analysant des documents d\'archives et des rapports de santé publique portant sur la ville de Bombay.

Speech perception requires the binding of spatiotemporally disjoint auditory-visual cues. The corresponding brain network-level information processing can be characterized by two complementary mechanisms: functional segregation which refers to the localization of processing in either isolated or distributed modules across the brain, and integration which pertains to cooperation among relevant functional modules. Here, we demonstrate using functional magnetic resonance imaging recordings that subjective perceptual experience of multisensory speech stimuli, real and illusory, are represented in differential states of segregation-integration. We controlled the inter-subject variability of illusory/cross-modal perception parametrically, by introducing temporal lags in the incongruent auditory-visual articulations of speech sounds within the McGurk paradigm. The states of segregation-integration balance were captured using two alternative computational approaches. First, the module responsible for cross-modal binding of sensory signals defined as the perceptual binding network (PBN) was identified using standardized parametric statistical approaches and their temporal correlations with all other brain areas were computed. With increasing illusory perception, the majority of the nodes of PBN showed decreased cooperation with the rest of the brain, reflecting states of high segregation but reduced global integration. Second, using graph theoretic measures, the altered patterns of segregation-integration were cross-validated.

A phase-field model for the precipitation of Fe-Cr-Al alloy is established incorporating grain boundary (GB) effects and irradiation-accelerated diffusion. The radiation source and grain boundary effect are incorporated to broaden the applicability of the Fe-Cr-Al precipitated phase-field model. The model is firstly employed to simulate the precipitation of the Cr-rich α\' phase in a single-crystal alloy. The precipitation rate and the size distribution of the precipitated phase were analyzed. Subsequently, the model is utilized to simulate segregation at GBs in a double-crystal system, analyzing the enrichment of Cr and depletion of Al near these boundaries. The simulation results are consistent with experimental observations reported in the references. Finally, the model is applied to simulate the precipitation in a polycrystalline Fe-Cr-Al system. The simulated results revealed that the presence of GBs induces the formation of localized regions with enhanced Cr and Al content as well as depleted zones adjacent to these boundaries. GBs also diminish both the quantity and precipitation rate of the formed phase within the grains.

Meditation, mental training that aims to improve one\'s ability to regulate their cognition, has been widely applied in clinical medicine. However, the mechanism by which meditation affects brain activity is still unclear. To explore this question, electroencephalogram data were recorded in 20 long-term meditators and 20 nonmeditators during 2 high-level cognitive tasks (meditation and mental calculation) and a relaxed resting state (control). Then, the power spectral density and phase synchronization of the electroencephalogram were extracted and compared between these 2 groups. In addition, machine learning was used to discriminate the states within each group. We found that the meditation group showed significantly higher classification accuracy and calculation efficiency than the control group. Then, during the calculation task, both the power and global phase synchronism of the gamma response decreased in meditators compared to their relaxation state; yet, no such change was observed in the control group. A potential explanation for our observations is that meditation improved the flexibility of the brain through neural plastic mechanism. In conclusion, we provided robust evidence that long-term meditation experience could produce detectable neurophysiological changes in brain activity, which possibly enhance the functional segregation and/or specialization in the brain.

OBJECTIVE: To examine associations between Index of Concentration at the Extremes (ICE) measures (proxy for structural racism) for economic and Hispanic/Latino-White racial segregation and HIV outcomes among adults in the U.S.
METHODS: Census tract-level HIV diagnoses, linkage to HIV medical care within 1 month of diagnosis (linkage), and viral suppression within 6 months of diagnosis (viral suppression) data for 2021 from the National HIV Surveillance System were used. Three ICE measures were obtained from the American Community Survey: ICEincome (income segregation), ICErace (Hispanic/Latino-White racial segregation), and ICEincome + race (Hispanic/Latino-White racialized economic segregation). Rate ratios (RRs) for HIV diagnosis and prevalence ratios (PRs) for linkage and viral suppression were used to examine differences in HIV outcomes across ICE quintiles with Quintile5 (Q5: most privileged) as reference group and adjusted by selected characteristics.
RESULTS: Among the 32,529 adults, diagnosis rates were highest in Quintile1 (Q1: most deprived) for ICEincome (28.7) and ICEincome + race (28.4) and Q2 for ICErace (27.0). We also observed higher RRs in HIV diagnosis and lower PRs in linkage and viral suppression (except for ICErace for linkage) in Q1 compared to Q5. Higher RRs and lower PRs in ICE measures were observed among males (diagnosis), adults aged 18‒34 (diagnosis and linkage) and aged ≥ 45 (viral suppression), and among adults in the South (all 3 HIV outcomes).
CONCLUSIONS: Barriers in access to care/treatment in more Hispanic/Latino-White racialized economic segregated communities perpetuate the disproportionate impact of HIV on the population. Removing barriers to HIV care/treatment created by systemic racism/segregation may improve HIV outcomes and reduce disparities.

The last two decades have witnessed significant progress in the development of severe plastic deformation techniques to produce ultrafine-grained materials with new and superior properties. This review examines works and achievements related to the low-temperature superplasticity of ultrafine-grained aluminum alloys. The examples are provided of the possibility to observe low-temperature superplasticity in aluminum alloys at temperatures less than 0.5 Tmelt and even at room temperature, and herein, we demonstrate the cases of achieving high ductility and high strength in aluminum alloys from processing utilizing severe plastic deformation. Special emphasis is placed on recent studies of the formation of segregations of alloying elements at grain boundaries in UFG Al alloys and their influence on the development of grain boundary sliding and manifestation of low-temperature superplasticity. In addition, the current status and innovative potential of low-temperature superplasticity in aluminum alloys are observed.

UNASSIGNED: Despite significant advancements in closing the global gender gap, there is still much progress to be made, particularly in the field of science and scientific research. Numerous studies have addressed this issue and identified a variety of factors that contribute to gender asymmetries in research.
UNASSIGNED: This study aimed to identify the determinants of gender gaps in scientific research present in the most cited studies of the past ten years as a first step towards closing these differences. Through a systematic literature review that incorporated the Proknow-C Knowledge Development Process and Constructivism methodology.
UNASSIGNED: The results lead us to identify four dimensions to classify the determinants of the gaps in scientific research: academic supply, research policies, scientific production and researcher profile with their respective quantitative or qualitative indicators.
UNASSIGNED: As a potential basis for further modeling that offers greater analytical and correlational depth, as well as the identification of targeted strategies aimed at reducing gender gaps in research.

As a promising candidate material for the accident tolerant fuel cladding in light water reactors, the Nb-containing FeCrAl alloy has shown outstanding out-of-pile service performance due to the Laves phase precipitation. In this work, the radiation response in FeCrAl alloys with gradient Nb content under heavy ion radiation has been investigated. The focus is on the effect of the Laves phase on irradiation-induced defects and hardening. We found that the phase boundary between the matrix and Laves phase can play a critical role in capturing radiation defects, as verified by in-situ heavy-ion radiation experiments and molecular dynamic simulations. Additionally, the evolution of Laves phase under radiation is analyzed. Radiation-induced amorphization and segregations observed at high radiation doses will deepen the fundamental understanding of the stability of Laves phases in the radiation environment.

UNASSIGNED: To determine gender gaps in Emeritus researchers in Colombia.
UNASSIGNED: Oaxaca-Blinder-Kitakagwa decomposition model, correcting the sample selection bias with the inclusion of Mills\' inverse ratio (Heckman\'s Lambda) through an ordered probit model. Data: Information available in the ScienTI Platform - Colombia during the period 2015-2021.
UNASSIGNED: The results show that the gender gap between female and male researchers is 5.8%. To achieve Emeritus status, one must be over 65 years old, and the possibility of achieving Emeritus status is 5.1% higher for female researchers than for their male counterparts. These differences can be explained by the time constraints that female researchers face in being productive, as they spend more time than male researchers on caregiving responsibilities, either due to motherhood or the care of other dependent family members.
UNASSIGNED: The results obtained allow us to affirm that there is a gender gap in scientific research in Colombia in the Emeritus research category in the calls for proposals for the period 2015-2021. Moreover, the existing gap cannot be explained by factors associated with attributes of education and academic productivity that are part of the regulatory requirements, insofar as not being explained by them, it evidences the existence of discrimination against women researchers to access the highest research category.