这项研究的目的是评估使用或不使用母牛父母的基因型来估算单核苷酸多态性(SNP)的效果,奶牛基因组近交系数的估算。归因(即,在意大利荷斯坦全国协会注册的68,127头意大利荷斯坦奶牛的基因型,分析了布朗和泽西育种家(ANAFIBJ)。用HDIlluminaInfiniumBovineHDBeadChip和GeneSeek基因组分析器HD-150K对奶牛进行基因分型,和MDGeneSeek基因组分析器3,GeneSeek基因组分析器4,GeneSeekMD和LabogenaMD。为了评估估计量之间的差异,用4个PLINKv1.9估计量估计了基因组近交系数(F,Fhat1,2,3),2个基于基因组关系矩阵(grm)的估计器(Fgrm和Fgrm2;后者还包括谱系信息)和一个纯合性运行估计器(ROH;FROH)。假设正确的基因组近交系数应该是根据基因分型的SNP估计的系数,比较了与基因型SNP或归因后SNP估计的基因组近交系数。关于父亲是否存在基因型信息的信息,大坝和外孙在填补过程中进行了调查。用基因分型的SNP或归因后的SNP估计的基因组近交系数对于F是一致的,Fhat3、Fgrm2和FROH,当至少有一位父母被基因分型时。在用MDSNP面板进行基因分型的母牛中观察到有偏差的(主要是较高的)基因组近交系数,其SNP在所选的归因SNP数据集中代表性较差,并且与基于实际基因型数据的预期相比,也没有对其亲本进行基因分型。对于用MD进行基因分型的奶牛,即使父母和母亲祖父都进行了基因分型,估计量Fhat1,Fhat2和Fgrm也提供了更高的基因组近交系数。总的来说,FROH是最稳健的估计器,其次是F和Fhat3。我们的研究结果表明,SNP选择,在设计奶牛的估算策略时,应考虑亲本基因分型和估算器,以估算具有估算SNP的基因组近交。为了计算基因组近交系数,建议对至少一个亲本进行基因分型并使用基于ROH的估计器。
The objective of this study was to assess the effect of using or not using the genotypes of the parents of a cow for imputing SNPs on the estimation of genomic inbreeding coefficients of cows. Imputation (i.e., genotyped plus imputed) genotypes from 68,127 Italian Holstein dairy cows registered in the Italian National Association of Holstein, Brown, and Jersey Breeders were analyzed. Cows were genotyped with the high-density (HD) Illumina Infinium BovineHD BeadChip and GeneSeek Genomic Profiler HD-150K, and the medium-density (MD) GeneSeek Genomic Profiler 3, GeneSeek Genomic Profiler 4, GeneSeek MD, and the Labogena MD. To assess differences among estimators, genomic inbreeding coefficients were estimated with 4 PLINK v1.9 estimators (F, Fhat1,Fhat2, andFhat3), 2 genomic relationship matrix- (grm) based estimators (Fgrm and Fgrm2, with the latter including also pedigree information), and one estimator of runs of homozygosity (ROH; FROH). Assuming that the correct genomic inbreeding coefficients should be those estimated from genotyped SNPs, a comparison of the genomic inbreeding coefficients estimated either with the genotyped SNPs or the SNPs after imputation was made. Information on the presence or absence of genotypic information from sire, dam, and maternal grandsire during the imputation was investigated. Genomic inbreeding coefficients estimated with genotyped SNPs or SNPs after imputation were consistent for F, Fhat3, Fgrm2, and FROH, when at least one of the parents was genotyped. Biased (mainly higher) genomic inbreeding coefficients of imputation SNPs were observed in cows that were genotyped with MD SNP panels whose SNPs were poorly represented in the selected imputation SNP dataset and also did not have their parents genotyped, when compared with what would be expected based on actual genotype data. For cows genotyped with MD the estimators Fhat1, Fhat2, and Fgrm provided higher genomic inbreeding coefficients of imputation SNPs even with both parents and the maternal grandsire genotyped. Overall, FROH was the most robust estimator, followed by F and Fhat3. Our findings suggest that SNPs selection, parental genotyping and estimator should be considered for designing imputation strategies in dairy cattle for estimating genomic inbreeding with imputation SNPs. For computing genomic inbreeding coefficients, it is recommendable to have at least one parent genotyped and use an ROH-based estimator.