了解适应当地环境的本地牛种群的遗传基础对于制定适当的遗传改良和保护策略和计划具有重要意义。因此,有必要了解阿勒泰白头牛的遗传多样性和种群结构,以满足当前各种环境下的生产需求,进行持续的基因改良,促进快速适应不断变化的环境和育种目标。本研究共采集了46只濒临灭绝的新疆阿勒泰白头牛个体样本,包括9头公牛和37头奶牛.为了收集基因型数据,使用了100kSNP标记,然后研究遗传多样性,遗传结构,近亲繁殖程度,并进行了家庭分析。共检测到101,220个SNP位点,个体基因型检出率≥90%。有85,993个SNP位点通过质量控制,其中93.5%是多态的。平均有效等位基因数为0.036,多态性信息含量为0.304,最小等位基因频率为0.309,平均观察杂合度为0.413,平均期望杂合度为0.403。IdengetricByState(IBS)的平均遗传距离为0.3090,基因组长度纯合片段461个,其中76.1%的长度在1至5MB之间,平均近交系数为0.016。46头阿勒泰白头牛被分属,每个家庭的个体数量明显不同。总而言之,阿勒泰白头牛保护种群杂合性低,近亲繁殖程度高,几个家庭,每个家庭的个体数量差异很大,这很容易导致遗传多样性的丧失。在后续的种子保护过程中,应根据分家进行选种配种,确保阿勒泰白头牛遗传资源的长期保护。
Understanding the genetic basis of native cattle populations that have adapted to the local environment is of great significance for formulating appropriate strategies and programs for genetic improvement and protection. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the genetic diversity and population structure of Altay white-headed cattle so as to meet the current production needs under various environments, carry out continuous genetic improvement, and promote rapid adaptation to changing environments and breeding objectives. A total of 46 individual samples of endangered Xinjiang Altay white-headed cattle were collected in this study, including nine bulls and 37 cows. To collect genotype data, 100 k SNP markers were used, and then studies of genetic diversity, genetic structure, inbreeding degree, and family analysis were carried out. A total of 101,220 SNP loci were detected, and the genotype detection rate for individuals was ≥90%. There were 85,993 SNP loci that passed quality control, of which 93.5% were polymorphic. The average effective allele number was 0.036, the Polymorphism Information Content was 0.304 and the minimum allele frequency was 0.309, the average observed heterozygosity was 0.413, and the average expected heterozygosity was 0.403. The average genetic distance of Idengtical By State (IBS) was 0.3090, there were 461 ROH (genome-length homozygous fragments), 76.1% of which were between 1 and 5 MB in length, and the average inbreeding coefficient was 0.016. The 46 Altay white-headed cattle were divided into their families, and the individual numbers of each family were obviously different. To sum up, the Altay white-headed cattle conservation population had low heterozygosity, a high inbreeding degree, few families, and large differences in the number of individuals in each family, which can easily cause a loss of genetic diversity. In the follow-up seed conservation process, seed selection and matching should be carried out according to the divided families to ensure the long-term protection of Altay white-headed cattle genetic resources.