Background: The initial wave of the COVID-19 pandemic significantly deteriorated mental health, especially among college students. Self-compassion has demonstrated benefits for psychological outcomes such as depressive symptoms, life satisfaction, posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS), and posttraumatic growth (PTG). Notably, existing literature suggests that the protective and vulnerable aspects within the Self-Compassion Scale, namely, compassionate and uncompassionate self-responding (CSR and USR), can coexist within individuals and influence their mental health through various coexisting patterns. However, this process has not been sufficiently explored.Objective: This study aimed to explore the combined effects of CSR and USR on college students\' depressive symptoms, life satisfaction, PTSS, and PTG during the initial wave of the pandemic.Method: In this cross-sectional study, 4450 Chinese college students (51.9% females, Mage = 20.58 years, SD = 1.49) completed self-report measures amid the COVID-19 pandemic\'s initial wave in 2020. Response surface analyses were utilised to investigate the combined effects of CSR and USR.Results: Simultaneously increased CSR and USR were associated with a slight increase in depressive symptoms, PTSS, and life satisfaction, but a substantial increase in PTG. Conversely, increased CSR and decreased USR were associated with a considerable decrease in depressive symptoms and PTSS, a significant increase in life satisfaction, and a moderate increase in PTG.Conclusions: CSR and USR demonstrated protective and vulnerable impacts, respectively. It is imperative to analyse their combined effects as an interactive system and consider the specific characteristics of different psychological responses.
Increased CSR and decreased USR were associated with less depressive symptoms and PTSS as well as more life satisfaction.CSR mitigated the negative effects of USR on depressive symptoms, life satisfaction, and PTSS.Simultaneously increased CSR and USR were associated with a substantial increase in PTG.

Background: High levels of post-traumatic stress are well documented among refugees. Yet, refugee adolescents display high heterogeneity in their type of trauma and symptom levels.Objective: Following the recurrent plea for validated trauma screening tools, this study investigated the psychometric properties of the Children\'s Revised Impact of Event Scale (CRIES-8) among refugee adolescents from Afghanistan (n = 148), Syria (n = 234), and Somalia (n = 175) living in Europe.Method: The model fit for the confirmatory factor structures was tested, as well as measurement invariance between the three groups. The robustness of results was evaluated by testing measurement invariance between recently arrived and settled adolescents, and between different response labelling options. Reliability (α, ω, and ordinal α), criterion validity, and prevalence estimates were calculated.Results: The intrusion subscale showed a better stable model fit than the avoidance subscale, but the two-factor structure was mainly supported. Configural measurement invariance was achieved between Afghan and Somali adolescents, and strong measurement invariance between Syrian and Somali adolescents. The results were robust considering the time living in the host country and response labelling styles. Reliability was low among Afghan and Syrian adolescents (.717-.856), whereas it was higher among Somali adolescents (.831-.887). The total score had medium-sized correlations with emotional problems (.303-.418) and low correlations with hyperactivity (.077-.155). There were statistically significant differences in symptom prevalence: Afghan adolescents had higher prevalence (55.5%) than Syrian (42.8%) and Somali (37%) adolescents, and unaccompanied refugee minors had higher symptom prevalence (63.5%) than accompanied adolescents (40.7%).Conclusions: This study mostly supports the use of the CRIES-8 among adolescents from Afghanistan, Syria, and Somalia, and even comparative analyses of group means. Variation in reliability estimates, however, makes diagnostic predictions difficult, as the risk of misclassification is high.
We investigated the psychometric properties of the 8-item Children’s Revised Impact of Event Scale (CRIES-8) among refugee adolescents from Afghanistan, Syria, and Somalia living in Europe.We found support for the CRIES-8 as a suitable assessment tool for Afghan, Syrian, and Somali adolescents.The reliability of the CRIES-8 was low among Afghan and Syrian adolescents, whereas among Somali adolescents, reliability was higher.

Background: Civil wars in Libya have impacted the mental health of the general population. The ways in which individuals cope with traumatic events are influenced by several psychological variables.Objectives: The present study aimed to investigate how post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) are associated with psychological symptoms and post-traumatic growth (PTG), and to evaluate the role of avoidant and anxious attachment dimensions as mediators in these associations, among Libyan citizens.Method: Three-hundred participants (147 females; age 31.0 ± 8.4 years) completed the Impact of Event Scale - Revised, Experiences in Close Relationships, Patient Health Questionnaire, and Post-traumatic Growth Inventory - Short Form.Results: The structural equation model revealed that insecure attachment dimensions mediated the association between PTSS and psychological symptoms and PTG. PTSS were positively associated with psychological symptoms, PTG, and both insecure attachment dimensions. Insecure attachment dimensions were positively associated with psychological symptoms and negatively with PTG.Conclusion: The present findings contribute to growing empirical research on the roles of insecure attachment dimensions in the association between the impact of war, psychological symptoms, and PTG.
Insecure attachment dimensions mediated the association between the impact of war and psychological symptoms, as well as posttraumatic growth, among Libyan citizens.Higher psychological symptoms were negatively correlated with posttraumatic growth.Psychological interventions should consider insecure attachment dimensions, when evaluating the consequences of prolonged and repeated wars.

BACKGROUND: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic can be identified as a source of traumatic stress. Previous studies have shown that post-traumatic stress and intolerance of uncertainty are associated with aggressive behaviour.
OBJECTIVE: In the present study, we aimed to test a serial mediation model, considering rumination and post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) as mediators that link intolerance of uncertainty and aggression, while controlling the confounding effect of crisis-induced health and socioeconomic stressors during the COVID-19 pandemic.
METHODS: A total of 714 participants [533 (74.6%) females, 176 (24.7%) males, aged 18-64 years (M age = 25.16, SD age = 9.34)] completed the following self-reported scales: Aggression Scale, COVID-19 stressors checklist, Short Version of the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale, Impact of Event Scale with Modifications for COVID-19, and Ruminative Thought Style Questionnaire.
RESULTS: The results revealed that there was an association between intolerance of uncertainty and aggressive behaviours. Moreover, the results of serial mediation analysis showed that intolerance of uncertainty predicts aggressive behaviours via rumination and PTSS. Besides, socioeconomic stressors are significantly associated with the level of PTSS and aggression, while health stressors are not significantly association with the level of PTSS and aggression.
CONCLUSIONS: The findings provide several contributions to understand the link between intolerance of uncertainty and aggressive behaviours during the COVID-19 pandemic, and confirm the importance of early psychological intervention, especially for those who are more likely to ruminate and suffer from PTSS, to prevent aggression and violence in the long run. In addition to health-related regulations, it is important to take the social and economic aspects of the crisis into account and develop intervention strategies accordingly. Nevertheless, the limitations of cross-sectional mediation analysis in explaining causal relationships should be kept in mind, and future studies should extend these findings using longitudinal data.
Antecedentes: La pandemia por COVID-19 se puede identificar como una fuente de estrés traumático, y estudios previos mostraron que el estrés postraumático y la intolerancia a la incertidumbre están asociados con el comportamiento agresivo.Objetivo: En el presente estudio, nuestro objetivo fue probar un modelo de mediación en serie, considerando la rumiación y los síntomas de estrés postraumático (SEPT) como mediadores que vinculan la intolerancia a la incertidumbre y la agresión, controlando el efecto de confusión de los factores estresantes socioeconómicos y de salud inducidos por crisis durante la pandemia de COVID-19.Método: Un total de 714 participantes (533 [74,6%] mujeres, 176 [24,7%] hombres de entre 18 y 64 años (Medad = 25.16, DEedad = 9.34) completaron las siguientes escalas de auto-reporte: Escala de agresión, Lista de Chequeo de Factores Estresantes por COVID-19, Versión Corta de la Escala de Intolerancia a la incertidumbre, Escala de Impacto de Eventos con modificaciones para COVID-19 y Cuestionario de Estilo de Pensamiento Rumiante.Resultados: Los resultados revelaron una asociación entre la intolerancia a la incertidumbre y las conductas agresivas. Además, el resultado del análisis de mediación en serie mostró que la intolerancia a la incertidumbre predice comportamientos agresivos a través de la rumiación y los SEPT. Además, los factores de estrés socioeconómico están significativamente asociados con el nivel de SEPT y la agresión, mientras que los estresores de salud no están significativamente asociados con el nivel de SEPT y la agresión.Conclusiones: Los hallazgos brindan varias contribuciones para comprender el vínculo entre la intolerancia a la incertidumbre y los comportamientos agresivos durante la pandemia de COVID-19 y la importancia de la intervención psicológica temprana, especialmente para aquellos que tienen más probabilidades de presentar rumiación y sufrir SEPT para prevenir la agresión y la violencia a largo plazo. Además de las regulaciones relacionadas con la salud, es importante tener en cuenta los aspectos sociales y económicos de las crisis, y desarrollar en concordancia estrategias de intervención. No obstante, deben tenerse en cuenta las limitaciones del análisis de mediación transversal para explicar las relaciones causales y los estudios futuros deben ampliar los hallazgos mediante el uso de datos longitudinales.
背景:COVID-19 疫情可以被确定为创伤性应激的一个来源, 之前研究表明, 创伤后应激和无法忍受不确定性与攻击行为有关。目的:在本研究中, 我们旨在考查一个将反刍和创伤后应激症状 (PTSS) 作为把无法忍受不确定性和攻击性联系起来的中介因子, 同时控制COVID-19 疫情期间由危机引起的健康和社会经济应激源在治疗期间的混杂效应的链式中介模型。方法:共有 714 名参与者 (533 [74.6%] 名女性, 176 名 [24.7%] 男性, 年龄在 18 至 64 岁之间 (平均年龄 = 25.16, 年龄标准差 = 9.34) 完成了以下自我报告量表:攻击性量表, COVID-19 应激源检查表, 简短版无法容忍不确定性量表, 针对 COVID-19 修订的事件影响量表和反刍思维方式问卷。结果:结果表明, 无法容忍不确定性与攻击性行为之间存在关联。此外, 链式中介分析的结果表明, 无法容忍不确定性通过反刍和 PTSS 预测攻击性行为。此外, 社会经济应激源与 PTSS 和攻击性水平显著相关, 而健康应激源与 PTSS 和攻击性水平无显著相关。结论:研究结果为理解 COVID-19 疫情期间无法容忍不确定性和攻击行为之间的联系与早期心理干预的重要性做出了一定贡献, 尤其对于那些更有可能反刍和有 PTSS的人, 以预防长期的攻击和暴力。除了健康相关的法规外, 重要的是要考虑危机的社会和经济方面并相应制定干预策略。然而, 应牢记横断面中介分析在解释因果关系方面的局限性, 未来的研究应通过使用纵向数据扩展研究结果。.

Prior research on trauma-exposed preschool children has found various levels of trauma-related stress symptoms depending on age, which might be explained by developmental factors.
This study uses network analysis to extend prior research and compare symptom presentation in younger and older preschoolers in the acute phase (first 4 weeks) following a potentially traumatic event.
Parent-reported trauma-related acute stress symptoms were assessed using the Pediatric Emotional Distress Scale - Early Screener via www.kidtrauma.com. First, the overall symptom severity and symptom levels were compared between younger (1-3 years) and older (4-6 years) preschoolers. Further, two Gaussian graphical models of stress symptoms in younger (n = 242; Mage = 2.3 years; SDage = 0.6 years) and older preschoolers (n = 299; Mage = 4.8 years; SDage = 0.7 years) were modelled and compared.
Overall symptom severity did not differ between the groups. Symptom levels for developmental regression and avoidance of talking about the event were higher in older preschoolers. The network structures of the younger and the older preschoolers were largely similar. Highly central symptoms in both networks were trauma-unrelated fear and anger. The connections between fear of reminders and clinginess and trauma-unrelated fear and clinginess were stronger in the older preschoolers\' network. The connections between worry and sadness and withdrawal; fear of reminders and creation of games, stories, and pictures; and whininess and clinginess were all stronger in the younger preschoolers\' network.
Trauma-related stress symptomatology of younger and older preschoolers may not differ greatly in the acute phase. Trauma-unrelated fear and anger seem to be central symptoms in both groups. However, examining symptom-level associations across age groups revealed differential connections that might arise from developmental differences. If replicated in longitudinal and within-subject studies, these findings could help tailor interventions for trauma-exposed preschoolers in the acute phase.
Antecedentes: Investigaciones previas sobre niños preescolares expuestos al trauma han encontrado varios niveles de síntomas de estrés relacionados al trauma dependiendo de la edad, los cuales pueden ser explicados por factores del desarrollo.Objetivo: Este estudio usa análisis en red para ampliar las investigaciones anteriores y comparar la presentación de síntomas en preescolares mayores y menores en la fase aguda (primeras 4 semanas).Método: Se evaluaron los síntomas de estrés agudo relacionados a trauma reportados por los padres a través de la escala de Sufrimiento Emocional Pediátrico – Early Screener www.kidtrauma.com. Primero, se comparó la severidad general de los síntomas y el nivel de los síntomas entre niños preescolares menores (1-3 años) y mayores (4-6 años). Luego, se modelaron y compararon dos modelos gráficos gaussianos de síntomas de estrés en preescolares menores (n = 242; Medad = 2.3 años; DEedad = 0.6 años) y mayores (n = 299; Medad = 4.8 años; DEedad = 0.7 años).Resultados: No hubo diferencias en la severidad general de los síntomas entre los grupos. Los niveles de síntomas para regresión del desarrollo y evasión de conversaciones sobre el tema, fueron más altos en los preescolares mayores. Las estructuras en red de los preescolares menores y mayores fueron mayormente similares. Los síntomas altamente centrales en ambas redes fueron el miedo y la ira no relacionados con el trauma. Las conexiones entre el miedo de recordatorios y apego excesivo fueron más fuertes en la red de los preescolares mayores. Las conexiones entre preocupación y tristeza y retraimiento; miedo de recordatorios y creación de juegos, historias y dibujos; y quejumbrosidad y apego excesivo, fueron todas más fuertes en la red de los preescolares menores.Conclusiones: Este estudio indica que la sintomatología de estrés relacionado a trauma en los preescolares menores y mayores no variaría de manera importante en la fase aguda. El miedo y la ira no relacionados al trauma parecen ser síntomas centrales en ambos grupos. Sin embargo, tras examinar asociaciones en los niveles de síntomas entre los grupos etarios, se revelaron conexiones diferenciales que podrían emerger a raíz de diferencias en el desarrollo. Si estos hallazgos se replicaran en estudios longitudinales y estudios controlados, podrían ayudar a adaptar las intervenciones para niños preescolares expuestos a trauma en la fase aguda.
背景: 先前对创伤暴露的学龄前儿童的研究发现, 不同的创伤相关应激症状水平取决于年龄, 可能由发育因素解释的。目的: 本研究使用网络分析来扩展先前的研究, 比较年幼和年长学龄前儿童急性期 (前 4 周) 的症状表现。方法: 使用儿科情绪困扰量表– 早期筛查 (www.kidtrauma.com) 评估父母报告的创伤相关急性应激症状。首先, 比较年幼 (1-3 岁) 和年长 (4-6 岁) 学龄前儿童的总体症状严重程度和症状水平。此外, 对年幼 (n = 242; Mage = 2.3 岁; SDage = 0.6 岁) 和年长 (n = 299; Mage = 4.8 岁; SDage = 0.7 岁) 的学龄前儿童应激症状的两个高斯图形模型进行了建模和比较。结果: 组间的总体症状严重程度没有差异。年长的学龄前儿童的发育倒退和回避谈论该事件症状水平更高。年幼和年长的学龄前儿童的网络结构基本相似。两个网络中的核心症状都是与创伤无关的恐惧和愤怒。在年长学龄前儿童的网络中, 对提示物的恐惧, 粘人以及与创伤无关的恐惧和粘人之间的关联更强。在年幼学龄前儿童的网络中, 担心, 悲伤和退缩之间, 对提示物的恐惧和创造游戏, 故事和图片之间, 抱怨和粘人之间的关联更强。结论: 本研究表明, 年幼和年长学龄前儿童的创伤相关应激症状在急性期可能没有很大不同。与创伤无关的恐惧和愤怒似乎是两人群的核心症状。然而, 对跨年龄人群症状水平关联的考查揭示了可能由发育差异引起的不同关联。如果能在纵向和被试内研究中重复, 这些发现可能有助于为急性期创伤暴露的学龄前儿童量身定制干预措施。.

Severe Traumatic brain injury (sTBI) often instigates widespread long-lasting disability and is accompanied by extensive rehabilitation. Unsurprisingly, sTBI also holds malignant consequences for patients\' close relatives. The burden caused by the injury and its severity explains some of the ramifications for the relatives. Additionally, some findings demonstrate that patients with sTBI and their relatives develop posttraumatic stress (PTS) symptoms. However, although the link between PTS symptoms and physical and mental health is well-documented in literature, the effect of PTS symptoms on relatives of patients with sTBI has barely been examined. This study examines the influence of PTS symptoms of patients with sTBI and their relatives on the physical and mental health and functioning of the relatives. Patients who sustained a severe sTBI (Abbreviated Injury Scale of the head region > 3) and close relatives were included in a multi-center, prospective cohort study (TRAST-MI). One-hundred patients and their relatives were assessed at 2, 6, and 12 months post injury. Outcome variables included health-related quality of life (SF-12) as well as emotional, cognitive, interpersonal, and total functioning (PCRS). Relatives\' physical health was predicted by relatives\' PTS symptoms (Slope=-1.76; p = .043), and mental health was predicted by both patients\' (Slope=-2.77; p = .034) and relatives\' (Slope=-6.59; p < .001) PTS symptoms. Functioning level was only predicted by patients\' PTS symptoms (Slope=-.25; p< .001). The findings emphasize that TBI should be considered a comprehensive traumatic experience reaching further than mere physical damage to the brain and its direct consequences, affecting the injured individual and close relatives.
El traumatismo craneoencefálico grave (TCEG) generalmente provoca una discapacidad duradera generalizada y está acompañado por una larga rehabilitación. Como es de esperarse, el TCEG también tiene consecuencias nocivas para los familiares cercanos de los pacientes. El agobio causado por la lesión y su gravedad explica algunas de las repercuciones en los familiares. Además, algunos resultados demuestran que los pacientes con TCEG y sus familiares desarrollan síntomas de estrés postraumático (EPT). Sin embargo, aunque la asociación entre los síntomas de EPT y la salud física y mental está bien documentada en la bibliografía, el efecto de los síntomas de EPT en los familiares de los pacientes con TCEG casi no se ha analizado. Este estudio analiza la influencia de los síntomas de EPT de los pacientes con TCEG y sus familiares en la salud física y mental y en el funcionamiento de los familiares. Se incluyó a pacientes que sufrieron un TCEG (escala abreviada de lesiones de la región craneana > 3) y a familiares cercanos en un estudio de cohorte prospectivo realizado en varios centros (TRAST-MI). Se evaluó a cien pacientes y a sus familiares a los dos, a los seis y a los doce meses después de la lesión. Entre los criterios de valoración se encontraron la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud (SF-12) así como el funcionamiento emocional, cognitivo, interpersonal y total (PCRS). La salud física de los familiares se predijo mediante los síntomas de EPT de los familiares (Pendiente = -1.76; p = .043), y la salud mental se predijo mediante los síntomas de EPT de los pacientes (Pendiente = -2.77; p = .034) y los familiares (Pendiente = -6.59; p < .001). El nivel de funcionamiento solo se predijo mediante los síntomas de EPT de los pacientes (Pendiente = -.25; p < .001). Los resultados enfatizan que el TCE debe considerarse una experiencia traumática amplia que va más allá del mero daño físico al cerebro y sus consecuencias directas, y que afecta a la persona lesionada y a sus familiares cercanos.
重度创伤性脑伤(sTBI)造成广泛的长期性残,伴随大量的康复治疗。 sTBI对病人的亲近的家属有伤害的结果,这一点并不惊奇。脑伤引起的负担和严重性解释了有疾病衍生出的对近亲的影响。另外,有些研究结论证明有sTBI的病人和他们的亲人都出现了PTS创伤后压力症候。但是尽管PTS症状和身体心理健康之间的关系在文献里面有很多记录,PTS症状在sTBI病人的亲戚中的情况尚未有研究。本研究旨在考察有sTBI的病人 和他们的亲戚中的PTS症状,考察他们身体和心理健康及亲属的正常功能方面的状况。这是一项多中心的前瞻性队列研究,对重度sTBI (小型头部区域的伤害程度>3)患者和他们的亲近家属进行考察。100多个病人本人和家属在病人受伤后的2,6,12个月都进行了评估检查。结果变量包括健康相关的生活质量(SF-12)以及情绪、认知、人际交往和整个功能(PCRS)。 家属的身体健康状况可以由家属的PTS症状 ((Slope斜率 =-1.76; p值=.043)来预测,心理健康则可以由病人(Slope = -2.77; p = .034)和亲属的(Slope = -6.59; p < .001) PTS症状来预测。功能水平只能被病人的PTS症状预测 (Slope = -.25; p < .001)。这些研究结果强调TBI 脑部创伤是一个综合性的创伤经历,其影响力远远超过仅仅对脑部肉体方面的创伤和造成的直接后果,还影响到受伤者本人以及其亲近的家属。.