While the ambient N2 reduction to ammonia (NH3) using H2O as hydrogen source (2N2+6H2O=4NH3+3O2) is known as a promising alternative to the Haber-Bosch process, the high bond energy of N≡N bond leads to the extremely low NH3 yield. Herein, we report a highly efficient catalytic system for ammonia synthesis using the low-temperature dielectric barrier discharge plasma to activate inert N2 molecules into the activated nitrogen species, which can efficiently react with the confined and concentrated H2O molecules in porous metal-organic framework (MOF) reactors with V3+, Cr3+, Mn3+, Fe3+, Co2+, Ni2+ and Cu2+ ions. Specially, the Fe-based catalyst MIL-100(Fe) causes a superhigh NH3 yield of 22.4 mmol g-1 h-1. The investigation of catalytic performance and systematic characterizations of MIL-100(Fe) during the plasma-driven catalytic reaction unveils that the in situ generated defective Fe-O clusters are the highly active sites and NH3 molecules indeed form inside the MIL-100(Fe) reactor. The theoretical calculation reveals that the porous MOF catalysts have different adsorption capacity for nitrogen species on different catalytic metal sites, where the optimal MIL-100(Fe) has the lowest energy barrier for the rate-limiting *NNH formation step, significantly enhancing efficiency of nitrogen fixation.

This review is aimed at researchers in air pollution control seeking to understand the latest advancements in volatile organic compound (VOC) removal. Implementing of plasma-catalysis technology for the removal of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) led to a significant boost in terms of degradation yield and mineralization rate with low by-product formation. The plasma-catalysis combination can be used in two distinct ways: (I) the catalyst is positioned downstream of the plasma discharge, known as the \"post plasma catalysis configuration\" (PPC), and (II) the catalyst is located in the plasma zone and exposed directly to the discharge, called \"in plasma catalysis configuration\" (IPC). Coupling these two technologies, especially for VOCs elimination has attracted the interest of many researchers in recent years. The term \"synergy\" is widely reported in their works and associated with the positive effect of the plasma catalysis combination. This review paper investigates the state of the art of newly published papers about catalysis, photocatalysis, non-thermal plasma, and their combination for VOC removal application. The focus is on understanding different synergy sources operating mutually between plasma and catalysis discussed and classified into two main parts: the effect of the plasma discharge on the catalyst and the effect of the catalyst on plasma discharge. This approach has the potential for application in air purification systems for industrial processes or indoor environments.

The comprehensive management of organic urban solid waste is a concern due to its direct and indirect impact on the environment. Anaerobic Digestion (AD) has been recognized as an alternative and environmentally friendly technology for waste disposal, converting them into organic fertilizers and renewable energy. This research presents an experiment involving four reactors fed with household organic waste, three inoculated with canine, goat, and rabbit manure, and one without inoculum. The experiment was observed for 30 consecutive days to analyze the pH and temperature parameters involved in the AD process in domestic reactors. Statistical methodology, including one-way analysis of variance for assessing the effect of the type of inoculum, Tukey\'s simultaneous confidence intervals for mean differences, and 90 % confidence intervals for μ in temperature and manure, was utilized. Additionally, main effects analysis of the factors of average temperature and pH were conducted. The results of the one-factor experiment show that the type of inoculum does not significantly influence the variation in pH, while temperature remains relatively stable throughout the AD process. However, the analysis of main effects indicates that goat manure tends to stabilize the temperature with minimal variation, whereas variation is more heterogeneous in the other experiments.

Efficiently converting methane into valuable chemicals via photocatalysis under mild condition represents a sustainable route to energy storage and value-added manufacture. Despite continued interest in this area, the achievements have been overshadowed by the absence of standardized protocols for conducting photocatalytic methane oxidation experiments as well as evaluating the corresponding performance. In this review, we present a structured solution aimed at addressing these challenges. Firstly, we introduce the norms underlying reactor design and outline various configurations in the gas-solid and gas-solid-liquid reaction systems. This discussion helps choosing the suitable reactors for methane conversion experiments. Subsequently, we offer a comprehensive step-by-step protocol applicable to diverse methane-conversion reactions. Emphasizing meticulous verification and accurate quantification of the products, this protocol highlights the significance of mitigating contamination sources and selecting appropriate detection methods. Lastly, we propose the standardized performance metrics crucial for evaluating photocatalytic methane conversion. By defining these metrics, the community could obtain the consensus of assessing the performance across different studies. Moving forward, the future of photocatalytic methane conversion necessitates further refinement of stringent experimental standards and evaluation criteria. Moreover, development of scalable reactor is essential to facilitate the transition from laboratory proof-of-concept to potentially industrial production.

On-site anaerobic digesters for small agricultural farms typically have feeding schedules that fluctuate according to farm operations. Shocks in feeding, particularly for putrescible waste can disrupt the stable operation of a digester. The effect of intermittent feeding on the anaerobic digestion of rejected raspberries was investigated in four 3L reactors operated in semicontinuous mode for 350 days at 38 °C with a hydraulic retention time of 25 days and an organic loading rate (OLR) of 1gVS/L/d. During the acclimatisation period (147 days) the organic loading was 5 feeds per week. The feeding regime of two reactors was then changed while maintaining the same OLR and HRT to one weekly feed event in one reactor and 3 equal feeds per week in another. The feeding regime did not significantly affect specific methane yield (369 ± 47 L/kgVS on average) despite very different weekly patterns in methane production. Volatile fatty acids (VFA) comprised >83 % of the organics in the effluent, while the rest included non-inhibitory concentrations of phenolic compounds (515-556 mg gallic acid/L). The microbial composition and relative abundance of predominant groups in all reactors were the archaeal genera Methanobacterium and Methanolinea and the bacterial phyla Bacteridota and Firmicutes. Increasing the OLR to 2gVS/L/d on day 238 resulted in failure of all reactors, attributed to the insufficient alkalinity to counterbalance the VFA produced, and the pH decrease below 6. Overall results suggests that optimal digestion of raspberry waste is maintained despite variations in feeding frequency, but acidification can occur with OLR changes.

A highly efficient reactor with a stirring device was specially designed with the intent of performing the hydrolysis of pure crystalline cellulose using a carbon-based solid acid catalyst. This catalyst comprised an amorphous carbon-based material bearing -SO3H, -COOH and -OH groups. The stirring apparatus had seven blades coated with polytetrafluoroethylene and arranged axially at regular intervals with a 60° offset. This design proved highly effective, providing double the glucose yield compared with conventional stirring systems. The basic properties of this novel reactor were investigated and analyzed and are discussed herein.

The use of reactive gaseous reagents for the production of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) remains a scientific challenge due to safety and efficiency limitations. The implementation of continuous-flow reactors has resulted in rapid development of gas-handling technology because of several advantages such as increased interfacial area, improved mass- and heat transfer, and seamless scale-up. This technology enables shorter and more atom-economic synthesis routes for the production of pharmaceutical compounds. Herein, we provide an overview of literature from 2016 onwards in the development of gas-handling continuous-flow technology as well as the use of gases in functionalization of APIs.

Chemoenzymatic epoxidation of olefin mediated by lipase is a green and environmentally friendly alternative process. However, the mass transfer barrier and lipase deactivation caused by the traditional organic-water biphasic reaction system have always been the focus of researchers\' attention. To overcome these issues, we investigated the effects of reaction temperature and two important substrates (H2O2 and acyl donor) on the epoxidation reaction and interfacial mass transfer. As a result, we determined the optimal reaction conditions: a temperature of 30 °C, 30 wt-% H2O2 as the oxygen source, and 1 M lauric acid as the oxygen carrier. Additionally, by simulating the conditions of shaking flask reactions, we designed a batch reactor and added a metal mesh to effectively block the direct contact between high-concentration hydrogen peroxide and the enzyme. Under these optimal conditions, the epoxidation reaction was carried out for 5 h, and the product yield reached a maximum of 93.2%. Furthermore, after seven repetitive experiments, the lipase still maintained a relative activity of 51.2%.

To purify hydrogen gas from synthesis gas using a adsorption process, SAPO 34 adsorbent was used. Due to the strong adsorption of carbon dioxide in this adsorbent, it is not possible to recover the adsorbent by reducing the pressure alone, and it is necessary to use thermal operations for recovery. For this purpose, a temperature swing adsorption (TSA) process is used to increase the purity of hydrogen for use in fuel cells. To investigate the optimum operational conditions, various temperatures and different pressures of input gas were investigated to compare the purity and recovery of adsorption process. The TSA process was simulated for pressures of 11, 22 and 33 bars and the recovery percentage of each process was calculated. According to the results obtained, the recovery value at 33 bars is better than the other two pressures, but due to the fact that operational and initial costs increase at high pressures; 22 bar pressure was chosen to present the remaining results. In this work, the total amount of material and the molar rate are also reported. The average purity of the components in the product and waste outlet streams has also been presented. Accordingly, the average molar fraction of hydrogen in the product outlet stream is 99.96% in the temperature increase stage, 99.94% and in the stream used for temperature reduction is 99.96%.

To promote the cycle of Fe2+/Fe3+ in co-catalytic Fenton and enhance mass transfer in an external circulation sequencing batch packed bed reactor (ECSPBR), super-hydrophilicity MoS2 sponge (TMS) modified by tungstosilicic acid (TA) was prepared for efficiently degrading sulfamethoxazole (SMX) antibiotics in aqueous solution. The influence of hydrophilicity of co-catalyst on co-catalytic Fenton and the advantages of ECSPBR were systematically studied through comparative research methods. The results showed that the super hydrophilicity increased the contact between Fe2+ and Fe3+ with TMS, then accelerated Fe2+/Fe3+ cycle. The max Fe2+/Fe3+ ratio of TMS co-catalytic Fenton (TMS/Fe2+/H2O2) was 1.7 times that of hydrophobic MoS2 sponge (CMS) co-catalytic Fenton. SMX degradation efficiency could reach over 90% under suitable conditions. The structure of TMS remained unchanged during the process, and the max dissolved concentration of Mo was lower than 0.06 mg/L. Additionally, the catalytic activity of TMS could be restored by a simple re-impregnation. The external circulation of the reactor was conducive to improving the mass transfer and the utilization rate of Fe2+ and H2O2 during the process. This study offered new insights to prepare a recyclable and hydrophilic co-catalyst and develop an efficient co-catalytic Fenton reactor for organic wastewater treatment.