This case report presents a comprehensive assessment of four maltreated adolescents, two half-siblings, and two non-identical twins to investigate the effects of complex childhood trauma on brain functioning. The study aimed to identify shared psychophysiological features in the electroencephalographic (EEG) data of these adolescents compared to database norms. Quantitative EEG, event-related potentials (ERPs), and their independent components were analyzed to examine alterations in patterns of electrical activity associated with psychopathology. In the half-sibling pair, enhanced P1 and N1 amplitudes were observed during the cued Go/NoGo task, while reduced N2 amplitude was present in the fraternal twins. The type of trauma also seems to affect EEG spectral distribution and higher-order cognitive processes, such as attention allocation and response inhibition (N2 wave). Specifically, physically abused and bullied adolescents showed reduced N2 amplitudes and lower alpha power in the posterior region. No significant differences were noted in the ERP-independent components for maltreated adolescents compared to norms. The analysis of these cases aimed to provide insights into the neurobiological substrates underlying the overlapping symptoms and syndromes of child maltreatment, which may aid in differential diagnosis and the development of targeted interventions for trauma-related psychopathology in adolescents.

UNASSIGNED: This study aimed to provide an objective means of predicting treatment responses in patients with schizophrenia using quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG) as an electrophysiological indicator. We obtained qEEG recordings from patients with schizophrenia and explored them for patterns indicative of treatment responsiveness.
UNASSIGNED: The study included 68 patients had been diagnosed with schizophrenia spectrum disorder. After retrospectively gathering demographic information, clinical data such as qEEG, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), a multiple regression analysis was performed. This analysis employed baseline qEEG findings as independent variables and PANSS score changes as dependent variables to discern causal relationships.
UNASSIGNED: The mean age of the participants was 38.4 years(SD =13.73). The mean PANSS score on admission was 92.97, decreasing to 67.41 at discharge. Multiple regression analysis revealed that delta waves in T4 (β=0.346, t=3.165, p=0.002), and high-beta waves in Fp2 (β=0.231, t=2.361, p=0.021) were associated with PANSS changes in absolute power. In addition, the delta waves of O2 (β=0.250, t=3.288, p=0.002); beta waves of T3 (β=-1.463, t=-5.423, p<0.001) and O2 (β=0.551, t=3.366, p=0.001); high beta waves of Fp1 (β=0.307, t=4.026, p<0.001), T3 (β=0.855, t=4.414, p<0.001) and T6 (β=-0.838, t=-4.559, p<0.001) of absolute power using the Z-score were also related to PANSS changes. Pearson\'s correlation analysis showed that only delta waves at Cz (r= 0.246, p=0.043) in absolute power correlated with changes in the PANSS.
UNASSIGNED: We found that certain qEEG wave patterns in patients with schizophrenia prior to antipsychotic treatment were linked to PANSS changes before and after treatment. Delta waves and beta waves, primarily in the frontal and temporal regions, were found to be significantly associated with changes in PANSS scores. In the future, the qEEG indicators identified in this study could serve as electrophysiological markers for predicting antipsychotic treatment responses in patients with schizophrenia.

Laboratory polysomnography provides gold-standard measures of sleep physiology, but multi-night investigations are resource intensive. We assessed the night-to-night stability via reproducibility metrics for sleep macrostructure and electroencephalography oscillations in a group of cognitively normal adults attending two consecutive polysomnographies. Electroencephalographies were analysed using an automatic algorithm for detection of slow-wave activity, spindle and K-complex densities. Average differences between nights for sleep macrostructure, electroencephalography oscillations and sleep apnea severity were assessed, and test-retest reliability was determined using two-way intraclass correlations. Agreement was calculated using the smallest real differences between nights for all measures. Night 2 polysomnographies showed significantly greater time in bed, total sleep time (6.3 hr versus 6.8 hr, p < 0.001) and percentage of rapid eye movement sleep (17.5 versus 19.7, p < 0.001). Intraclass correlations were low for total sleep time, percentage of rapid eye movement sleep and sleep efficiency, moderate for percentage of slow-wave sleep and percentage of non-rapid eye movement 2 sleep, good for slow-wave activity and K-complex densities, and excellent for spindles and apnea-hypopnea index with hypopneas defined according to 4% oxygen desaturation criteria only. The smallest real difference values were proportionally high for most sleep macrostructure measures, indicating moderate agreement, and proportionally lower for most electroencephalography microstructure variables. Slow waves, K-complexes, spindles and apnea severity indices are highly reproducible across two consecutive nights of polysomnography. In contrast, sleep macrostructure measures all demonstrated poor reproducibility as indicated by low intraclass correlation values and moderate agreement. Although there were average differences in percentage of rapid eye movement sleep and total sleep time, these were numerically small and perhaps functionally or clinically less significant. One night of in-laboratory polysomnography is enough to provide stable, reproducible estimates of an individual\'s sleep concerning measures of slow-wave activity, spindles, K-complex densities and apnea severity.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to determine whether quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG) measures have predictive value for cerebral edema (CED) and clinical outcomes in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients with anterior circulation large vessel occlusion who underwent mechanical thrombectomy (MT).
METHODS: A total of 105 patients with AIS in the anterior circulation were enrolled in this prospective study. The occurrence and severity of CED were assessed through computed tomography conducted 24 h after MT. Clinical outcomes were evaluated based on early neurological deterioration (END) and 3-month functional status, as measured by the modified Rankin scale (mRS). Electroencephalography (EEG) recordings were performed 24 h after MT, and QEEG indices were calculated from the standard 16 electrodes and 2 frontal channels (F3-C3, F4-C4). The delta/alpha ratio (DAR), the (delta + theta) / (alpha + beta) ratio (DTABR), and relative delta power were averaged over all electrodes (global) and the F3-C3 and F4-C4 channels (frontal). The predictive effect and value of QEEG indices for CED and clinical outcomes were assessed using ordinal and logistic regression models, as well as receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves.
RESULTS: Significantly, both global and frontal DAR were found to be associated with the severity of CED, END, and poor functional outcomes at 90 days, while global and frontal DTABR and relative delta power were not associated with outcomes. In ROC analysis, the best predictive effect was observed in frontal DAR, with an area under the curve of approximately 0.80. It exhibited approximately 75% sensitivity and 71% specificity for radiological and clinical outcomes when a threshold of 3.3 was used.
CONCLUSIONS: QEEG techniques may be considered an efficient bedside monitoring method for assessing treatment efficacy, identifying patients at higher risk of severe CED and END, and predicting long-term functional outcomes.
CONCLUSIONS: QEEG can help identify patients at risk of severe neurological complications that can impact long-term functional recovery in AIS patients who underwent MT.

UNASSIGNED: The aim of this study was to compare the brain wave pattern of two groups of dyslexic students with perceptual and linguistic types with normal students in reading.
UNASSIGNED: In this study, 27 students (24 boys and 3 girls) from first to fifth grade with an Mean±SD of age 8.16±10.09 years participated. Eight students with perceptual type dyslexia, ten students with linguistic type dyslexia, and nine normal students with reading were selected by purposive sampling method.
UNASSIGNED: After removing noise and artifacts, the data were converted into quantitative digits using Neuroguide software and analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA). Based on the results, the linguistic group and the normal group differed in the relative power of the alpha wave in the two channels Fp1 and Fp2, but there was no difference between the three linguistic, perceptual, and normal groups in the absolute power of the four waves of the delta, theta, alpha, and beta.
UNASSIGNED: The relative power spectrum of the alpha band in the forehead can be significantly related to dyslexia problems as seen in the linguistic type.

This study compares the changes in Quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG), loudness dependence of auditory evoked potentials (LDAEP), and mismatch negativity (MMN) in the case of bipolar depression, mania, and euthymia in a single patient. the characteristic of QEEG in this patient with mixed depression was an increase in alpha; in mixed mania, there was little increase in alpha, and the decrease in delta, theta, and beta was noticeable. LDAEP increased more in the manic phase than in the depressive phase. In contrast, MMN decreased more in the manic than in the depressive phase. After remission of mania, QEEG, LDAEP, and MMN were re-measured. Compared with the manic phase, the decrease in delta, theta, and beta bands in the occipital, temporal, and parietal lobes improved significantly. The LDAEP decreased from LDAEP 1.67 to 0.97. However, in spite of the euthymic phase, MMN amplitude showed a further decrease, from -1.7 to -0.9. In conclusion, using QEEG, LDAEP, and MMN can help clinicians predict a patient\'s bipolar state and evaluate serotonin intensity and cognitive function, enabling customized treatment. However, there are still few consistent research results; therefore, there is a need to utilize a larger sample size.

Objectives. Unsafe behavior (UB) is defined as the likelihood of intentionally or unintentionally deviating from pre-defined plans. This study aims to investigate the validation of a self-report tool for measuring workers\' cognitive-based UB using quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG). Methods. The cognitive-based unsafe behavior questionnaire (CUBQ) was completed by 632 front-line workers in a manufacturing industry to identify differences in the backgrounds of the subjects regarding UBs. Two groups were then selected as extreme groups and QEEG was conducted based on the international 10-20 electrode placement. Results. The mean values of absolute power (AP), alpha/beta ratio (ABR) and alpha/gamma ratio (AGR) from brain oscillations in different regions of the cortex were significantly different between the studied groups (p < 0.05). Additionally, these values were found to be significantly correlated with slips, lapses and mistakes, as measured by certain scales of the CUBQ (p < 0.05). Conclusions. The findings of this study indicated differences in brain oscillation activities among industrial workers with different UB backgrounds. These results confirm the effectiveness of CUBQ as a proactive tool for safety practitioners to predict industrial workers\' UBs.

In α-synucleinopathies, the dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system which typically manifests as orthostatic hypotension (OH) often leads to severe consequences and poses therapeutic challenges. This study aims to discover the brain-cardiac electrophysiological changes in OH patients with α-synucleinopathies using the rapid quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG) coupled with heart rate variability (HRV) technique to identify rapid, noninvasive biomarkers for early warning and diagnosis, as well as shed new light on complementary treatment approaches such as brain stimulation targets.
In this study, 26 subjects of α-synucleinopathies with OH (α-OH group), 21 subjects of α-synucleinopathies without OH (α-NOH group), and 34 healthy controls (control group) were included from September 2021 to August 2023 (NCT05527067). The heart rate-blood pressure variations in supine and standing positions were monitored, and synchronization parameters of seated resting-state HRV coupled with qEEG were collected. Time-domain and frequency-domain of HRV measures as well as peak frequency and power of the brainwaves were extracted. Differences between these three groups were compared, and correlations between brain-heart parameters were analyzed.
The research results showed that the time-domain parameters such as MxDMn, pNN50, RMSSD, and SDSD of seated resting-state HRV exhibited a significant decrease only in the α-OH group compared to the healthy control group (p < 0.05), while there was no significant difference between the α-NOH group and the healthy control group. Several time-domain and frequency-domain parameters of seated resting-state HRV were found to be correlated with the blood pressure changes within the first 5 min of transitioning from supine to standing position (p < 0.05). Differences were observed in the power of beta1 waves (F4 and Fp2) and beta2 waves (Fp2 and F4) in the seated resting-state qEEG between the α-OH and α-NOH groups (p < 0.05). The peak frequency of theta waves in the Cz region also showed a difference (p < 0.05). The power of beta2 waves in the Fp2 and F4 brain regions correlated with frequency-domain parameters of HRV (p < 0.05). Additionally, abnormal electrical activity in the alpha, theta, and beta1 waves was associated with changes in heart rate and blood pressure within the first 5 min of transitioning from supine to standing position (p < 0.05).
Rapid resting-state HRV with certain time-domain parameters below normal levels may serve as a predictive indicator for the occurrence of orthostatic hypotension (OH) in patients with α-synucleinopathies. Additionally, the deterioration of HRV parameters correlates with synchronous abnormal qEEG patterns, which can provide insights into the brain stimulation target areas for OH in α-synucleinopathy patients.

BACKGROUND: Vestibular migraine (VM) is common migraine that occurs in patients with dizziness. Vestibular rehabilitation for managing VM generally remains unclear. Recently, it has been reported that transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has positive effects in alleviating dizziness. This study investigated the effects of tDCS on dizziness and cortical activation in a patient with VM.
METHODS: We recruited a male patient aged 31 years with no dizziness. The patient watched a video to induce dizziness using a virtual reality device. The study applied the intervention using tDCS for 4 weeks and measured 4 assessments: functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG), dizziness handicap inventory, and visual vertigo analog scale.
RESULTS: We showed the activation in the middle temporal gyrus and inferior temporal gyrus (ITG) of the left hemisphere and in the superior temporal gyrus and ITG of the right hemisphere in the pre-intervention. After the intervention, the activation of these areas decreased. In the results of qEEG, excessive activation of C3, P3, and T5 in the left hemisphere and C4 in the right hemisphere before intervention disappeared after the intervention.
CONCLUSIONS: This study indicated that tDCS-based intervention could be considered a viable approach to treating patients with vestibular dysfunction and dizziness caused by VM.

UNASSIGNED: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder affecting children worldwide; however, diagnosing ADHD remains a complex task. Theta/beta ratio (TBR) derived from electroencephalography (EEG) recordings has been proposed as a potential biomarker for ADHD, but its effectiveness in children with ADHD remains controversial. Behavioral assessments, such as the Conners Continuous Performance Test-3rd edition (CPT-3), have been utilized to assess attentional capacity in individuals with ADHD. This study aims to investigate the correlation between TBR and CPT-3 scores in children and adolescents with ADHD.
UNASSIGNED: In a retrospective analysis, we examined patients regularly monitored for ADHD at Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, who underwent both EEG and CPT-3 assessments. Severity of ADHD was evaluated using parent- and teacher-completed Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham (SNAP)-IV rating scales.
UNASSIGNED: The study encompassed 55 ADHD patients (41 with abnormal CPT-3 scores, 14 with normal CPT-3 scores) and 45 control subjects. TBR demonstrated elevation in ADHD patients with abnormal CPT-3 scores, indicating its potential to represent attentional capacity akin to behavioral assessments like CPT-3. However, significant correlations between TBR values and CPT-3 variables or SNAP-IV rating scales were not observed. Moreover, TBR values exhibited considerable overlap across the groups, leading to diminished sensitivity and negative predictive value as a potential neurophysiological ADHD biomarker.
UNASSIGNED: While our study underscores the utility of both TBR and CPT-3 in assessing attentional capacity, their sensitivity in diagnosing ADHD is limited. A comprehensive evaluation, integrating clinical expertise, parental input, and detailed neuropsychometric tests, remains pivotal for a thorough and precise diagnosis of ADHD.