UNASSIGNED: Over the past decade, the pharmacy sector\'s policy, academic and professional spheres have increasingly drawn attention to the opportunities to better leverage the untapped potential of the community pharmacy sector in contributing to global efforts to reduce antimicrobial resistance (AMR). While efforts are in train, progress is slow.
UNASSIGNED: To draw insights from global experts in the field to identify a broad range of potential future policy directions to support community pharmacists\' involvement in antimicrobial stewardship (AMS).
UNASSIGNED: A modified Delphi technique, comprising two survey rounds to build consensus amongst global community pharmacy sector stakeholders and opinion leaders. In Round 1, participants rated their level of agreement with 28 statements across the three domains of policy design, implementation design, and monitoring and evaluation. Participants were also invited to contribute feedback in Round 1, which was reflected as new statements (n = 10) in Round 2. In Round 2, participants were asked to re-assess Round 1 statements in view of the group consensus and to rate the new statements.
UNASSIGNED: 289 participants were invited to participate. 48/289 (17% response rate) completed Round 1, and 25/42 (60% response rate) completed Round 2. Consensus (defined as >70% agreement) was achieved for 79% (n = 30) of the statements across the three domains.
UNASSIGNED: Pharmacy sector experts agreed that acknowledging community pharmacists in AMS national action plans is an important component, signalling a recognition of the sector\'s contribution to whole-of-nation AMS efforts. Implementation components that achieved consensus reflect the profession\'s evolution to a professional service driven model, particularly in complementary AMS initiatives including infection prevention and control measures. Context-specific adjustments to support implementing these AMS measures will be required, in addition to striking the appropriate balance to support the pace of increased community pharmacists\'involvement in AMS with building whole-of-profession buy-in.

An overwhelming surge of information regarding preparedness for postvaccination side effects had caused widespread confusion approximately since April 2021, when the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination had started for the general population in Japan. Notably, this resulted in a remarkably increased shortage of OTC acetaminophen formulations. The aim of this study was to elucidate the actual responses of the public in such an environment, how individuals acquired and understood information related to the management of postvaccination side effects, and how they obtained and used antipyretic analgesics before and after COVID-19 vaccination. We conducted a web-based survey in January 2022, targeting 400 individuals aged ≥20 years, who had received two COVID-19 vaccine doses, and excluded qualified professionals such as physicians and pharmacists. The results revealed that 67% of the respondents had obtained antipyretic analgesics in anticipation of adverse effects after vaccination, whereas 38% had taken these medicines before and/or after the second vaccination. Possible misappropriation of medicines from others, preventive administration, and lack of dosage and administration confirmation are the problems identified in medication acquisition and usage. Additionally, avoidance of antipyretic analgesics based on information without scientific evidence was observed. This study revealed no small amount of inappropriate use of medicines in situations, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, where there is an \"infodemic\" of mixed-quality information. Pharmacists, as experts in medication, should play a crucial role in promoting appropriate medication usage by consistently staying updated with the latest scientific evidence and proactively supporting OTC drug selection and counseling medication.

In 2020, the Japan Community Healthcare Organization (JCHO) Hoshigaoka Medical Center started providing information to community pharmacies about patients admitted to the acute care ward using discharge medication summaries (the summaries). We conducted an online self-recording survey of 149 pharmacies belonging to the Hirakata City Pharmacists Association to clarify the usability of the summaries, any related issues, and to further discuss future collaboration between hospitals and pharmacies. 46 pharmacies have received the summaries in the past, of which 44 pharmacies answered that they have utilized the summaries with patient instruction and prescription queries of doctors. However, two pharmacies responded they did not utilize the summaries, and the reasons were (a) the information was not timely and (b) patients whom the discharge medical summary was sent for did not come to the pharmacy. There were some requests regarding the summaries such as, \"I would like to know what kind of information hospital pharmacists want from community pharmacists.\" Preference for sharing information other than the summaries (e.g., online tools) with hospital pharmacists was related to whether the pharmacy was providing home pharmaceutical visit services. The survey revealed that, in addition to the usability of the summaries, there are also events that prevent them from being utilized. Some of the challenges include the timing of sending the summaries, the accurate identification of the family pharmacy and the communication of follow-up after discharge from hospital. Collaborating with pharmacies providing home pharmaceutical visit services would be beneficial in creating new system of bidirectional information sharing.

Introduction The University of Otago School of Pharmacy Clinic (the Clinic) is a campus-based non-dispensing clinic that offers consultation-based medicines optimisation services to patients. Aim This project aims to understand the experiences and opinions of healthcareproviders who have referred patients to the School of Pharmacy Clinic, specifically: their motivation for referring patients; how the Clinic impacts providers, patients and the wider health system; provider satisfaction; and opportunities for further collaboration. Methods Semi-structured interviews were used to collect data from 15 participants who represented five health professions. An inductive reflexive thematic analysis approach was used to analyse the dataset from which codes and themes were developed. Normalisation Process Theory (NPT) was used to structure the interview guide and as a framework to present themes. Results Seven themes were developed; \'Perceptions of Pharmacists\' (Coherence), \'Motivators for Engagement\' and \'Barriers to Engagement\' (Cognitive Participation), \'Utility of Pharmacist Feedback\' and \'Opportunities\' (Collective Action) and \'Referrers\' Experiences\' and \'Patient-centred Care\' (Reflexive Action). Discussion Healthcare providers described predominantly positive experiences. Medically complex cases and patients requiring medicines education were most likely to be referred for consultation. Engaging with the Clinic presented valuable opportunities for interprofessional collaborative practice and continuing professional education. Referrers would like more regular contact with Clinic pharmacists to encourage interprofessional collaborative relationships. Patients were thought to benefit from their pharmacist\'s clinical expertise, time, patient-centred approach and subsequent medication and health optimisation. Integration of Clinic pharmacists into specialist outpatient clinics at Dunedin Hospital may broaden the scope and improve efficiency of their services.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global public health crisis that impedes the therapeutic effectiveness of available antimicrobial agents. Due to the high burden of infectious diseases and limited resources, especially trained healthcare professionals, low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are particularly susceptible to the detrimental effects of AMR. Sometimes, as the first and last point of contact for patients seeking treatment for infections, community pharmacists can play a pivotal role in the stewardship required for AMR. This review aims to highlight the contributions made by community pharmacists in LMICs as AMR stewards. The review considers the challenges from the perspectives of limited resources, inadequate training, a lack of policies and regulations, and issues related to patient behavior. Community pharmacists in LMICs could optimize their advocacy contributions by focusing on One Health AMR stewardship. Transformational and actionable patient and population-centric antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) is feasible with the synergy of policymakers and other healthcare providers in the implementation of AMS policies and programs that support community pharmacists in their efforts to promote rational antimicrobial use.

BACKGROUND: Understanding patient satisfaction is key to advancing pharmacy services and improving health outcomes. There is a lack of a translated and psychometrically validated tool in the Arabic language to measure patient satisfaction with pharmacy services.
OBJECTIVE: To translate the English version of the PSPSQ 2.0 into Arabic language, culturally adapt, and verify its reliability and validity.
METHODS: A community pharmacy in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted between April 2021 and June 2022 among patients with diabetes attending a community pharmacy. The International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research good practice guidelines for linguistic translation and cultural adaptation were used to translate and culturally adapt the English version of PSPSQ 2.0 into Arabic. The Arabic version of PSPSQ 2.0 was subjected to factor analysis using principal component analysis with varimax rotation to evaluate its validity and Cronbach\'s alpha was used to assess the reliability of PSPSQ 2.0.
RESULTS: A total of 129 (68.2% male, and mean age 50 (SD: 11.9) years) patients with diabetes participated in the study. The analysis was undertaken for the items in each of the three domains of PSPSQ 2.0: quality of care, interprofessional relationship and overall care. Exploratory factor analysis revealed validity of 92.7%, 80.5% and 96.2%, respectively. The Arabic version of PSPSQ 2.0 had high internal consistency with Cronbach\'s alpha scores 0.99, 0.95 and 0.98 for the three measured domains, respectively. The sample adequacy was 0.924.
CONCLUSIONS: The PSPSQ 2.0 was successfully translated and culturally adapted into the Arabic language and had acceptable validity and reliability to measure patient satisfaction with services provided by pharmacists in community pharmacies.

UNASSIGNED: Within Diagnosis Related Groups, based on service capability, efficiency, and quality safety assessment, clinical pharmacists contribute to promoting rational drug utilisation in healthcare institutions. However, a deficiency of pharmacist involvement has been observed in the total parenteral nutrition support to patients following haematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) within DRGs.
UNASSIGNED: This study involved 146 patients who underwent HCT at the Department of Haematology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, spanning from January 2020 to December 2022.
UNASSIGNED: Patients were allocated equally, with 73 in the control group and 73 in the pharmacist-involved group: baseline characteristics showed no statistics significance, including age, body mass index, nutrition risk screening-2002 score, liver and kidney function, etc. Albumin levels, prealbumin levels were significantly improved after a 7-day TPN support (34.92 ± 4.24 vs 36.25 ± 3.65, P = 0.044; 251.30 ± 95.72 vs 284.73 ± 83.15, P = 0.026). The body weight was increased after a 7-day support and before discharge (58.77 ± 12.47 vs 63.82 ± 11.70, P = 0.013; 57.61 ± 11.85 vs 64.92 ± 11.71, P < 0.001). The length of hospital stay, costs and the rate of re-admissions were significantly shortened (51.10 ± 1.42 vs 46.41 ± 1.86, P = 0.048; 360,162.67 ± 91,831.34 vs 324,070.16 ± 112,315.51, P = 0.035; 61.64% vs 43.84%, P = 0.046).
UNASSIGNED: Pharmacist-joint TPN support enhances the service efficiency score of medical units, ensuring the fulfilment of orders and rational medication.

OBJECTIVE: To provide an initial understanding of problems and potential solution strategies for part-time clinical pharmacist work in China, and provide references for the training of part-time clinical pharmacists.
METHODS: The study was conducted in a tertiary teaching hospital in China, and the project lasted 6 months. Phenomenological methods were used to guide the research design. Research data were obtained by conducting one-to-one semistructured interviews with part-time clinical pharmacists, and interview data were coded and analysed through thematic analysis.
RESULTS: A total of 21 pharmacists were interviewed in a semistructured manner, and the results showed that following problems exist in the work of part-time clinical pharmacists: the existing professional knowledge is not adequate to meet the demands of clinical service; the career orientation of part-time clinical pharmacists is not clear; lack of professional self-confidence in clinical pharmacy practice; there is no suitable entry point to carry out pharmacy service work; it is difficult to communicate effectively, and for in addition, 17 potential solution strategies are proposed for the current problems, which can provide reference for the development of part-time clinical pharmacists\' work.
CONCLUSIONS: The work performed by part-time clinical pharmacists is currently immature and the strategies derived from this study may serve as potential solutions to resolve the part-time clinical pharmacy practice challenges.

The 2023-24 Professional Affairs Committee was charged to (1) Create an action plan in response to the clear urgent need for transformation of community pharmacy practice; and (2) Develop \"readiness for change\" instrument that addresses multiple pharmacy stakeholder groups that is based on the ACT \"community pharmacy enhanced services\" definition. Due to the continuous and rapid-paced changes occurring in community pharmacy practice, the committee developed a document that provides the baseline elements that should be considered for community pharmacy practice currently and into the future. This document, Envisioning the Near Future of Community Pharmacy Patient Care Practice: Key Elements of Practice Redesign in Community Pharmacies, contains eight sections and is recommended to be socialized within the pharmacy profession to ensure that it resonates with current and future community pharmacy practice.

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