在非平衡条件下,无机系统可以产生大量类似生命的形状和图案,与形成良好的晶体材料相比,仍未被广泛探索。一个看似简单的例子是在固着液滴蒸发期间形成盐沉积物。这些蒸发岩在其特定的模式中表现出巨大的变化,包括单环,蠕变,小晶体,分形,和无特征磁盘。我们已经探索了在其他恒定条件下42种不同盐的模式。根据7500张图片,我们表明可以识别不同的模式家族,并且一些盐(例如,Na2SO4和NH4NO3)分叉,产生两个不同的基序。家庭关系不能仅从组成中先验地预测,而是从蒸发的复杂相互作用中出现,结晶,热力学,毛细管作用,和流体流动。尽管如此,即使参考图像的集合很小,也可以以令人惊讶的高精度从沉积图案预测化学成分。这些发现提出了可能的应用,包括基于智能手机的分析和用于太空任务的轻量级工具。
Under nonequilibrium conditions, inorganic systems can produce a wealth of life-like shapes and patterns which, compared to well-formed crystalline materials, remain widely unexplored. A seemingly simple example is the formation of salt deposits during the evaporation of sessile droplets. These evaporites show great variations in their specific patterns including single rings, creep, small crystals, fractals, and featureless disks. We have explored the patterns of 42 different salts at otherwise constant conditions. Based on 7,500 images, we show that distinct pattern families can be identified and that some salts (e.g., Na2SO4 and NH4NO3) are bifurcated creating two distinct motifs. Family affiliations cannot be predicted a priori from composition alone but rather emerge from the complex interplay of evaporation, crystallization, thermodynamics, capillarity, and fluid flow. Nonetheless, chemical composition can be predicted from the deposit pattern with surprisingly high accuracy even if the set of reference images is small. These findings suggest possible applications including smartphone-based analyses and lightweight tools for space missions.