OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess the different pathways between predictor factors such as zygosity, atypical swallowing, mouth breathing, breastfeeding and bottle feeding related to anterior open bite (AOB) in twins.
METHODS: The study was conducted in monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twin children aged 3-15 years. AOB, atypical swallowing, mouth breathing, feeding type, duration of bottle use, and mouth opening status during sleep were recorded during oral examination. Partial least squares structural equation model (PLS-SEM) and sobel tests were performed to assess the total and indirect effects among the variables on AOB.
RESULTS: A total of 404 children (29.2% MZ;70.8% DZ) participated in this study. The effect of zygosity on mouth breathing in the PLS-SEM model was statistically significant. Conversely, it was determined that mouth breathing effected that atypical swallowing (p = 0.001). Atypical swallowing triggered AOB (p = 0.001). The atypical swallowing has a mediation effect between AOB and mouth breathing (p = 0.020). Mouth breathing causes atypical swallowing and therefore indirectly increases the likelihood of AOB. While breastfeeding decreases AOB incidence (p = 0.023), bottle feeding increases AOB incidence (p = 0.046). The sobel tests show that the fully mediator variable feature of mouth breathing is statistically significant in the negative relation between zygosity and atypical swallowing.
CONCLUSIONS: The PLS-SEM model showed that mouth breathing triggers atypical swallowing and atypical swallowing triggers AOB. As a result of this chain of relationships, an indirect effect of zygosity on AOB was observed. According to sobel tests, zygosity has an indirect effect on atypical swallowing through mouth breathing, while mouth breathing has a positive indirect effect on AOB through atypical swallowing.
CONCLUSIONS: This study identified the relationships between different factors and the presence of AOB. The findings of this study demonstrate in detail the relationships between AOB and zygosity, atypical swallowing, mouth breathing, breastfeeding and bottle feeding. Brestfeeding has a reducing effect on the frequency of AOB. Among the nutritional forms, breastfeeding ensures the proper development of the stomatognathic system by working the oro-facial muscles.

BACKGROUND: Systematic reviews on the effects of pacifiers on occlusion have highlighted the need for quality RCTs.
METHODS: Single region, three parallel-armed, prospective, randomized controlled trial.
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the correlations between early childhood non-nutritive sucking habits and malocclusion. Specifically to test whether the use of a study pacifier has differing effects compared to other pacifiers and control, and whether the duration of pacifier use or digit sucking influence the occlusion.
METHODS: The subjects were firstborn children, born in 2008 in Vantaa, Finland.
METHODS: One-third of participants were offered study pacifiers, free of charge, from birth up to 2 years of age. The history of the subjects\' sucking habits, including pacifier use was screened in a questionnaire at the age of 2 years, and clinical examinations were performed at the age of 7 years. In addition, the subjects were divided into groups that were equally matched regarding their mother\'s level of education.
RESULTS: Posterior crossbite, anterior crossbite, overjet, deep bite, open bite, and crowding.
UNASSIGNED: Three districts were randomly allocated to three study groups by drawing lots.
METHODS: It was not possible to blind the clinicians or parents from the intervention. Blinding during data analysis was performed.
RESULTS: From the original cohort of 2715 children born in the town of Vantaa, 1911 were excluded and 353 were lost to follow-up. The remaining 451 children were divided into three groups according to the use of pacifiers. The prevalence of posterior crossbite at the age of 7 years was higher if a non-study pacifier had been used (P = .005) even when matched for the mother\'s level of education (P = .029). The prevalence of posterior crossbite was higher if the pacifier habit had continued for 12 months or more compared to 11 months or less, 7% and 1%, respectively, (P = .003). Digit sucking for 12 months or more was associated with crowding (P = .016). The prevalence of crossbite in the study pacifier group was less than in control pacifiers.
RESULTS: No adverse harms were reported other than effects on the dentition.
CONCLUSIONS: The use of pacifiers is associated with the posterior crossbite, especially if their use continues for a year or more. Parents/guardians should be advised to stop the use or reduce the use of pacifiers to a minimum after their child\'s first birthday.
BACKGROUND: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01854502.

The arrival date young patient\'s first orthodontic consultation is unrestricted but may influence the choice of treatment plan as well as its modalities. The objective of this study was to determine the factors that influence the date of the first consultation at the orthodontic office: advice from a third party or a health professional, the patient\'s gender, the socioeconomic level, the actual need for orthodontic treatment, and the vertical and anteroposterior skeletal dysmorphia.
Young patient\'s file younger than 16 years were systematically included. A Wilcoxon and Kruskal-Wallis test was performed in univariate and multivariate analysis. The threshold was 5%.
456 young patients were included. Anteroposterior skeletal discrepancy, referral by an acquaintance, and socioeconomic level appeared to be factors influencing patient arrival date. Gender, actual need for orthodontic treatment, referral from a health professional, and vertical skeletal discrepancy did not influence the arrival date at the office.
The date of consultation is not related to the actual orthodontic treatment need. Word-of-mouth seems to play an important role. Patients seem to relate an anteroposterior discrepancy to the need to consult an orthodontist, but do not relate it to vertical discrepancy, although ventilation may be related to severe dysmorphia.
This study encourages more communication about orthodontic treatment indications with patients and caregivers.
La date d’arrivée du jeune patient en première consultation orthodontique est libre mais peut influencer le choix du plan de traitement, ainsi que ses modalités. L’objectif de cette étude était de déterminer les facteurs qui influencent la date de première consultation au cabinet d’orthodontie : le conseil d’un tiers ou d’un professionnel de santé, le genre du patient, le niveau socio-économique, le besoin réel de traitement orthodontique, la dysmorphie squelettique verticale et antéro-postérieure.
Les dossiers de jeunes patients de moins de 16 ans ont été systématiquement inclus. Un test de Wilcoxon et Kruskal-Wallis a été effectué en analyse univariée et multivariée. Le seuil retenu était de 5 %.
Au total, 456 patients ont été inclus. Le décalage squelettique antéro-postérieur, le fait d’être adressé par une connaissance et le niveau socio-économique semblent être des facteurs influençant la date d’arrivée du jeune patient. Le genre, le besoin réel de traitement orthodontique, le fait d’être adressé par un professionnel de santé, le décalage squelettique vertical n’ont pas d’influence sur la date d’arrivée au cabinet.
La date de consultation n’est pas liée au besoin réel de traitement. Le bouche à oreille semble jouer un rôle important. Les patients semblent faire le lien entre un décalage antéro-postérieur et la nécessité de consulter un orthodontiste, mais ne le font pas pour le décalage vertical alors que la ventilation peut être liée à des dysmorphies sévères.
Cette étude encourage à communiquer davantage sur les indications de traitement orthodontique avec les patients et les soignants.

In restorative dentistry, the lack of occlusal space may lead to the mutilation of healthy tissue in order to provide sufficient space for the restorative material. Noprep dentistry can be achieved by placing high-bite restorations, followed by Simple Orthodontic Extrusion (SOE) of other teeth to close the created open bite. This rapid, partial orthodontic treatment is well accepted by patients as it can be easily performed using simple buttons, and it takes only a few weeks to reestablish occlusal contacts. The SOE technique is a further development of the Dahl concept. It has the advantages without the disadvantages. Two applications of this technique are presented in this article: the treatment of the severe wear of anterior teeth with no-prep palatal veneers made of Polymer-infiltrated Ceramic Network (PICN, \'hybrid ceramic\') material and the realization of no-prep zirconia resin-bonded bridges (RBBs) to replace missing lateral incisors. An original 3D-printed resin guide for correctly positioning RBBs and facilitating the removal of excess composite cement is also presented. This work highlights the considerable advantages of multidisciplinary collaboration in the field of minimally invasive dentistry.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the complexity of malocclusion and existing patterns in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) using the index of complexity, outcome and need (ICON).
METHODS: This cross-sectional study included children diagnosed with ASD, aged 9-15 years. A group of healthy children with the same demographic characteristics was randomly selected as the control group. Malocclusion was assessed according to ICON scoring protocol. The following parameters were recorded: dental aesthetics, upper arch crowding/spacing, presence of crossbite, anterior-vertical relationship (open and deep bite) and buccal segment anterior-posterior relationship. Finally, an overall ICON score was derived and reported for each patient. Descriptive analysis was performed for all investigated variables. Significance level was set at p < 0.05.
RESULTS: A total of 324 children, divided into ASD (162) and control (162) groups, comprised the study population. Our results demonstrated that the average overall ICON score was significantly higher in the ASD group compared to the control group (38.77 vs. 27.43, p < 0.001). ASD children also obtained significantly higher scores regarding the dental aesthetics component (3.84 vs 2.78, p < 0.001). Study groups were significantly different in terms of the prevalence of incisor overbite and open bite (p = 0.002 and p < 0.001, respectively). Patients in the ASD group showed a higher prevalence of Class II and Class III malocclusions (p < 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS: ASD children obtained significantly higher overall ICON scores, indicating more complex and severe malocclusions. These children also exhibited a greater tendency towards Class II and III malocclusions.

暂无摘要。

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the survival rate of minimally invasive semipermanent occlusal polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) onlays/veneers in previous temporomandibular disorder (TMD) patients with severe tooth wear and with a loss of vertical dimension after up to 7 years.
METHODS: This case series was designed as a follow-up evaluation with consecutive patient recruitment. All patients bearing the indication for this kind of rehabilitation were treated by the same clinician using the same adhesive methodology. The study included 22 patients (3 males/19 females), with a mean [SD] age of 50.7 [11.6] years. Controls followed within the first 4 weeks (and subsequently as required). Failure criteria included damage by fracture, chipping, and retention loss. Survival rates were determined based on the Kaplan-Meier analysis.
RESULTS: 328 semipermanent occlusal/incisal veneers were included (142 maxillary/186 mandibular teeth). Almost 80% of the restorations were in place and in function when starting the follow-up treatment after 180 days; failures predominantly occurred within the first 3 to 6 months but proved reparable. Depending on the patients\' priorities, scheduled replacements followed successively, and more than 65% did not show repair or any renewal needs for more than 360 days.
CONCLUSIONS: Within the limitations of this study the survival rates of occlusal veneers made of PMMA were sufficiently high to allow for consecutive treatment of the respective teeth by means of permanent restorations while preserving the restored vertical dimension. In patients with severe tooth wear and a TMD history, semipermanent restorative therapy with occlusal PMMA onlays/veneers would seem a noteworthy option.

The masticatory function of patients with skeletal anterior open bite (OPEN) is reported to be impaired compared with that of patients with normal occlusion (NORM). In this study, we compared brain blood flow (BBF) in patients with OPEN and NORM and investigated the factors related to BBF during mastication in patients with OPEN. The study included 17 individuals with NORM and 33 patients with OPEN. The following data were collected: number of occlusal contacts, jaw movement variables during mastication, and BBF measured with functional near-infrared spectroscopy during chewing. The number of occlusal contacts, maximum closing and opening speeds, closing angle, and vertical amplitude were smaller in the OPEN than in the NORM group. Interestingly, BBF increased less in the OPEN group. Correlation analysis revealed that several parameters, including number of occlusal contacts and closing angle, were correlated with changes in BBF during mastication. These results suggest that not only occlusion but also jaw movement variables and factors related to masticatory muscles contribute to the chewing-related increase in BBF. In conclusion, BBF increases less during mastication in patients with OPEN than in those with NORM. In addition, the higher increase in BBF is correlated with jaw movement. Together, we discovered that OPEN exhibits significant adverse effects not only on masticatory function but also on brain function.

BACKGROUND: This study aims to evaluate the prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic features among schoolchildren in the West Bank, Palestine.
METHODS: A stratified cluster sample of 1278 schoolchildren (620 males, 658 females, mean age 12 years and 5 months (± 0.5)) were examined. Candidates who had not received any previous orthodontic treatment were only included. Dental anomalies like missing and ectopic teeth were recorded. The anteroposterior occlusal relationship was assessed based on Angle classification. Overjet and overbite were measured. Crowding and spacing were recorded subjectively. In addition, crossbite, openbite, and midline displacement were recorded. The chi-square test and descriptive analysis were used statistically.
RESULTS: The study found Angle Class I molar relationship in 65%, Class II div 1 in 17%, Class II div 2 in 6%, and Class III in 12% of the sample. An overjet (OJ) of more than 4 mm was present in 17%, and 4% had OJ of more than 6 mm; an OJ of at least 0 mm or less in 36%, and 6% had a reverse OJ. A normal overbite was observed in 53%, while 28% had an increase and 19% had a decreased overbite. An anterior openbite (AOB) was present in 9%, and a scissor bite or anterior crossbite in 6% and 14%, respectively. A posterior crossbite was observed in 12% (9% unilateral and 3% bilateral). Midline displacement was found in (9%). Crowding was observed in 35% and 31% and spacing in 24% and 15% of the maxillary and mandibular arches, respectively. A statistically significant relationship between gender and midline shift, a diastema, spacing in the upper arch, and most dental anomalies was found; males were more affected (p < 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS: This study reported a high prevalence of malocclusion among schoolchildren in Palestine. A collaborative effort should be directed to obtain more monitoring and surveillance of malocclusion more frequently to prevent and control the exacerbation of the problem.

BACKGROUND: In orthodontics, anterior open bite is a common malocclusion that recurs frequently. Because the causes of anterior open bite are so varied, medical professionals must create customized treatment programs for each patient based on their unique etiology. Through the lowering of the posterior teeth, closure of the anterior teeth gap, and cooperation with intermaxillary traction, the treatment plan outlined in this case study sought to achieve a stable occlusion.
METHODS: This case report aims to describe an orthodontic camouflage treatment of a 15-year-old female patient with anterior open bite, arch width discrepancy and a history of temporomandibular joint disorder. The patient was treated with intermaxillary vertical elastics and the multiple edgewise arch wire (MEAW) approach. A satisfactory occlusion with a neutral molar relationship was attained after 29 months of orthodontic therapy. The condylography recording showed that this patient\'s occlusion tended to be more stable both before and after our treatment. The purpose of this case study is to provide an overview of an orthodontic camouflage treatment for a female patient, who had a history of temporomandibular joint disease, anterior open bite, and arch width disparity.
CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrated that more attention should be paid to levelling the occlusal plane, intrusion of the molars, decompression of temporomandibular joints and the etiology factors of malocclusion during the orthodontic period for those patients with anterior open bite.