背景:尽管有越来越多的证据表明空气污染与肾脏疾病之间存在关联,关于长期暴露于空气污染与肾功能之间关系的研究仍然存在矛盾。本研究旨在调查暴露量相对较低的大量人群中的这种关联,并改善了对肾功能和肾损伤生物标志物的估计。
方法:我们对参与瑞典心肺生物成像研究(SCAPIS;n=30154)的中年普通人群进行了横断面分析。个人10年暴露于总排放和本地排放的细颗粒物(PM2.5),可吸入颗粒物(PM10),和氮氧化物(NOx)使用高分辨率色散模型进行建模。线性回归模型用于估计暴露与估计的肾小球滤过率(eGFR,联合肌酐和胱抑素C)和血清肾损伤生物标志物(KIM-1,MCP-1,IL-6,IL-18,MMP-2,MMP-7,MMP-9,FGF-23和尿酸),考虑到潜在的混杂因素。
结果:长期PM2.5暴露中位数为6.2µg/m3。几乎所有参与者的肾功能都正常,eGFR中位数为99.2mL/min/1.73m2。PM2.5暴露与每2.03µg/m3(四分位数间距,IQR)。PM2.5暴露也与血清基质金属蛋白酶2(MMP-2)浓度升高有关,MMP-2每2.03µg/m3高7.2%(95%CI1.9,12.8)。PM10与较高的尿酸水平有关联的趋势,但未发现与其他生物标志物的关联.与其他空气污染物的关联为零或不一致。
结论:在低暴露水平下的大量普通人群样本中,我们发现PM2.5暴露与较高的肾脏滤过率之间存在惊人的关联.颗粒功能似乎不太可能改善肾功能。然而,滤过率升高是肾损伤的早期征兆,可能与暴露水平相对较低的相对健康人群有关.此外,PM2.5暴露与血清MMP-2浓度升高有关,MMP-2是肾脏和心血管病理的早期指标。
BACKGROUND: Despite accumulating evidence of an association between air pollution and renal disease, studies on the association between long-term exposure to air pollution and renal function are still contradictory. This study aimed to investigate this association in a large population with relatively low exposure and with improved estimation of renal function as well as renal injury biomarkers.
METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional analysis in the middle-aged general population participating in the Swedish CardioPulmonary bioImaging Study (SCAPIS; n = 30 154). Individual 10-year exposure to total and locally emitted fine particulate matter (PM2.5), inhalable particulate matter (PM10), and nitrogen oxides (NOx) were modelled using high-resolution dispersion models. Linear regression models were used to estimate associations between exposures and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR, combined creatinine and cystatin C) and serum levels of renal injury biomarkers (KIM-1, MCP-1, IL-6, IL-18, MMP-2, MMP-7, MMP-9, FGF-23, and uric acid), with consideration of potential confounders.
RESULTS: Median long-term PM2.5 exposure was 6.2 µg/m3. Almost all participants had a normal renal function and median eGFR was 99.2 mL/min/1.73 m2. PM2.5 exposure was associated with 1.3% (95% CI 0.6, 2.0) higher eGFR per 2.03 µg/m3 (interquartile range, IQR). PM2.5 exposure was also associated with elevated serum matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) concentration, with 7.2% (95% CI 1.9, 12.8) higher MMP-2 per 2.03 µg/m3. There was a tendency towards an association between PM10 and higher levels of uric acid, but no associations were found with the other biomarkers. Associations with other air pollutants were null or inconsistent.
CONCLUSIONS: In this large general population sample at low exposure levels, we found a surprising association between PM2.5 exposure and a higher renal filtration. It seems unlikely that particle function would improve renal function. However, increased filtration is an early sign of renal injury and may be related to the relatively healthy population at comparatively low exposure levels. Furthermore, PM2.5 exposure was associated with higher serum concentrations of MMP-2, an early indicator of renal and cardiovascular pathology.