Background: Research on bereavement after terrorism is limited and primarily aiming on short-term consequences.Objective: To better understand the long-term health consequences of terrorism, we studied bereaved parents and siblings eight years after the Utøya terrorist attack in Norway. We examined the participants\' symptom levels of prolonged grief (PG) and post-traumatic stress (PTS), as well as their psychosocial functioning and employment status.Method: Bereaved parents (n = 88) and siblings (n = 34) aged 19 and above (mean age  = 49.7 years, SD = 13.8 years, 59.8% female) completed the Inventory of Complicated Grief (ICG), the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R), and the Work and Social Adjustment Scale (WSAS) to assess PG, PTS, and functional impairment, respectively. In addition, information about employment status was obtained. The proportion of participants scoring above recommended thresholds on the ICG, IES-R, and WSAS was calculated. Differences between parents and siblings and gender differences on these measures were examined.Results: In total, 62.3% of the participants had scores on the ICG indicating a risk for prolonged grief, while 45.9% scored over cutoff on the IES. There was a high overlap between symptoms of PG and PTS. Females had significantly higher scores on both the ICG and the IES compared to males. There were no differences between parents and siblings regarding PG and PTS symptoms. One out of three showed severe functional impairment on the WSAS. Approximately 30% of all the bereaved were outside the labour force, and one third of the parents had become unable to work after the terrorist attack.Conclusion: Many bereaved parents and siblings, following the Utøya terror attack, report long-lasting health consequences with symptoms of PG and PTS and functional impairment. The results suggest a need for follow up of bereaved after a terror attack and identify family members in need of health services.
Eight years after the Utøya terrorist attack bereaved parents and siblings still report high levels of prolonged grief and post-traumatic stress symptoms.There were no differences between parents and siblings regarding prolonged grief and post-traumatic stress symptoms.Many bereaved are still suffering functional impairments. Post-traumatic stress symptoms are found to be an important predictor for functional impairments.

Background: Levels of prolonged grief symptoms (PGS) and post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) can be high, many years following bereavement after terror, but knowledge concerning somatic health is scarce. Terrorism is a serious public health challenge, and increased knowledge about long-term somatic symptoms and insomnia is essential for establishing follow-up interventions after terrorism bereavement.Objective: To study the prevalence of somatic symptoms and insomnia and their association with PGS, PTSS, and functional impairment among terrorism-bereaved parents and siblings.Methods: A cross-sectional quantitative study included 122 bereaved individuals from the Utøya terror attack in Norway in 2011. The sample comprised 88 parents and 34 siblings aged 19 years and above (Mage = 49.7 years, SDage = 13.8 years, 59.8% females). The participants completed questionnaires 8 years after the attack assessing somatic symptoms (Children\'s Somatic Symptoms Inventory) and insomnia (Bergen Insomnia Scale) along with measures of PGS (Inventory of Complicated Grief), PTSS (Impact of Event Scale-Revised), and functional impairment (Work and Social Adjustment Scale).Results: Fatigue was the most frequently reported somatic symptom (88% of females and 65% of males). Females reported statistically significantly more somatic symptoms than males. In total, 68% of the bereaved individuals scored above the cut-off for insomnia. There were no statistically significant gender differences for insomnia. Female gender, intrusion, and arousal were associated with somatic symptoms. Intrusion and somatic symptoms were associated with insomnia. Somatic symptoms, avoidance, and hyperarousal were associated with functional impairment.Conclusion: Many bereaved parents and siblings report somatic symptoms and insomnia eight years after the terror attack. Somatic symptoms are associated with functional impairment. Long-term follow-up and support after traumatic bereavement should focus on somatic symptoms and insomnia.
Many bereaved individuals, especially females, reported insomnia and somatic symptoms, including fatigue, pain, and other related symptoms.Somatic symptoms, avoidance, and hyperarousal were identified as being associated with functional impairment among the bereaved.Post-traumatic stress symptoms played a more significant role than prolonged grief symptoms in explaining the reduced physical health experienced by the bereaved.

OBJECTIVE: We aim to determine the prevalence of mental disorders in siblings of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and to determine how psychosocial adversity factors relate to this psychopathology, in a low-middle income country (Colombia).
METHODS: We evaluated subjects with ADHD diagnosed according to the DSM-5 criteria, one of their parents and one of their siblings (ages 8-19). We used the ADHD rating scale and a set of instruments to assess the presence of mental disorders as well as psychosocial adversity.
RESULTS: We evaluated 74 trios formed by the index case with ADHD, one sibling and one of the parents. We found that 24.3% of the participating siblings also met the criteria for ADHD and another 24.3% for other psychiatric disorders. The risk of these siblings having ADHD increased further when one of the parents reported a history of ADHD. We also found that 28.3% of the families faced high levels of psychosocial adversity as per their scores in the Rutter Adversity Index.
CONCLUSIONS: Siblings of subjects with ADHD showed a significant risk for ADHD and other mental disorders. That risk increased if a parent reported a history of ADHD and also when two or more psychosocial adversity factors were present. This study supports the importance of early detection in efforts to decrease the risk for other siblings.

OBJECTIVE: We aim to determine the prevalence of mental disorders in siblings of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and to determine how psychosocial adversity factors relate to this psychopathology, in a low-middle income country (Colombia).
METHODS: We evaluated subjects with ADHD diagnosed according to the DSM-5 criteria, one of their parents and one of their siblings (ages 8-19). We used the ADHD rating scale and a set of instruments to assess the presence of mental disorders as well as psychosocial adversity.
RESULTS: We evaluated 74 trios formed by the index case with ADHD, one sibling and one of the parents. We found that 24.3% of the participating siblings also met the criteria for ADHD and another 24.3% for other psychiatric disorders. The risk of these siblings having ADHD increased further when one of the parents reported a history of ADHD. We also found that 28.3% of the families faced high levels of psychosocial adversity as per their scores in the Rutter Adversity Index.
CONCLUSIONS: Siblings of subjects with ADHD showed a significant risk for ADHD and other mental disorders. That risk increased if a parent reported a history of ADHD and also when two or more psychosocial adversity factors were present. This study supports the importance of early detection in efforts to decrease the risk for other siblings.

Child sexual abuse (CSA) may have significant consequences for siblings; however, limited research has been conducted on the impact of the abuse on sibling and family relationships following the disclosure of CSA. This study sought to investigate sibling responses to disclosures of CSA among a group of adult siblings in Ireland, and the impact on sibling and family relationships through an online survey. A thematic analysis was conducted on a sub-set of participants who responded to open-ended questions (n = 45). Three main themes were identified as follows: (a) intense emotional reactions, (b) relationship support and strain, and (c) managing family dynamics. CSA disclosure may have a substantial impact on sibling and family relationships. Supporting siblings in the aftermath of CSA disclosure is essential, both for the well-being of the individual who was sexually abused and for the wider family.
El abuso sexual infantil puede tener consecuencias importantes para los hermanos, sin embargo, se han realizado pocas investigaciones sobre el efecto del abuso en las relaciones familiares y fraternales después de la revelación de abuso infantil. El presente estudio tuvo como finalidad investigar las respuestas de los hermanos a las revelaciones de abuso sexual infantil entre un grupo de hermanos adultos en Irlanda, y el efecto en las relaciones familiares y fraternales mediante una encuesta en línea. Se realizó un análisis temático en un subconjunto de participantes que respondieron preguntas de interpretación abierta (n=45). Se identificaron tres temas principales: (a) reacciones emocionales intensas, (b) apoyo y tensión en la relación, y (c) manejo de la dinámica familiar. La revelación del abuso sexual infantil puede tener un efecto considerable en las relaciones fraternales y familiares. Es fundamental apoyar a los hermanos después de la revelación de abuso sexual infantil, tanto por el bienestar de la persona que fue abusada sexualmente como para el resto de la familia.
儿童性虐待（CSA）可能对兄弟姐妹产生重大影响；然而，在披露CSA后，关于性虐待对兄弟姐妹和家庭关系造成的影响的研究还比较少。本研究试图通过在线调查，调查爱尔兰一群成年兄弟姐妹对披露CSA的反应，以及CSA对兄弟姐妹和家庭关系的影响。有45名参与者（n=45）回答开放式问题，对他们的回答进行了主题分析。研究确定了三个主题。(a) 强烈的情绪反应，(b) 关系支持和压力，以及(c) 管理家庭动态。CSA公开披露出来可能对兄弟姐妹和家庭关系产生重大影响。在CSA披露后，为兄弟姐妹提供支持是至关重要的，这对遭受性虐待的个人和整个大家庭的福祉都同等重要。.

Siblings of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) present greater susceptibility to developmental problems, in comparison with siblings of typically developing children. The greater prevalence of mental health disorders among parents of children with ASD increases younger siblings\' vulnerability to emotional problems. The aim of this study is to compare the interaction between carers and babies aged 2 to 26 months (M = 11.7, SD = 6.9) who are siblings of children with ASD (ASD dyads) with the interaction of dyads of siblings of typically developing children (TD dyads). The protocol of Clinical Indicators of Risk for Child Development and the Coding Interactive Behaviour measures were used to evaluate interaction. ASD dyads presented higher scores of constriction in their interaction, P = .024, with babies presenting higher scores of withdrawal behavior, P = .003, and carers presenting higher scores of depressive mood, P = .008, when compared to TD dyads. The ASD dyads have interactive impairments more frequently than do the TD dyads.
Trasfondo: Los hermanos de niños con trastornos dentro de la gama del autismo (ASD) presentan una mayor susceptibilidad a problemas del desarrollo, en comparación con los hermanos de niños que se desarrollan de una manera típica. La mayor prevalencia de trastornos de salud mental entre padres de niños con ASD aumenta la vulnerabilidad de los hermanos más jóvenes a problemas emocionales. El objetivo de este estudio es comparar la interacción entre cuidadores y bebés de edad entre 2 y 26 meses (Media: 11.7 meses/ SD: 6.9) hermanos de niños con ASD (díadas ASD), con las interacción de díadas de hermanos de niños que se desarrollan típicamente (díadas TD). Método: Para evaluar la interacción se usó el protocolo de los Indicadores Clínicos de Riesgo para el Desarrollo del Niño y la Codificación Interactiva de Conducta. Resultados: Las díadas ASD presentaron puntuaciones más altas de constricción en su interacción (p = 0.024), con los bebés que presentaron más altas puntuaciones de conducta de despego (p = 0.003) y los cuidadores que presentaron más altas puntuaciones de estados de ánimo depresivos (p = 0.008) cuando se les comparó con las díadas TD. Conclusiones: Las díadas ASD tienen impedimentos interactivos más frecuentemente que las díadas TD.
Contexte: Les frères et sœurs d\'enfants avec des troubles du spectre autistique (TSA) présentent une plus grande susceptibilité à des problèmes comportementaux, comparés aux frères et sœurs d\'enfants se développant typiquement. La plus grande prévalence de troubles de santé mentale avec les parents d\'enfants avec TSA augmente la vulnérabilité aux problèmes émotionnels des jeunes frères ou sœurs. Le but de cette étude est de comparer l\'interaction entre les parents ou personnes prenant soin des enfants et les bébés âgés de 2 à 26 mois (Moyenne: 11, 7 mois/ DS: 6,9), frères et sœurs d\'enfants avec des TSA (dyades-TSA), avec l\'interaction de dyades de frères et sœurs d\'enfants se développant typiquement (dyades-DT). Méthode: Le protocole d’Indicateurs Cliniques de Risque pour le Développement de l\'Enfant et le Codage des Comportements Interactifs ont été utilisés pour évaluer l\'interaction. Résultats: les dyades TSA ont présenté des scores plus élevés de constriction (p = 0,024) de leur interaction avec les bébés présentant des scores de comportement de retrait (p = 0,003) et les personnes prenant soin des enfants ont présenté des scores plus élevés d\'humeur dépressive (p = 0,008) quand comparées aux dyades-DT. Conclusions: Les dyades-TSA ont des insuffisances interactives plus fréquemment que les dyades-DT.
Hintergrund: Geschwister von Kindern mit Autismus-Spektrum-Störungen (ASD) weisen im Vergleich zu Geschwistern von sich typischerweise entwickelnden Kindern eine höhere Anfälligkeit für Entwicklungsprobleme auf. Die größere Prävalenz von psychischen Störungen bei Eltern von Kindern mit ASD erhöht die Anfälligkeit für emotionale Probleme bei jüngeren Geschwistern. Ziel dieser Studie ist es, die Interaktion zwischen Bezugspersonen und Babys im Alter von 2 bis 26 Monaten (Mittelwert: 11.7 Monate / SD: 6.9) für Geschwister von Kindern mit ASD (ASD-Dyaden) und Geschwister von typischerweise entwickelten Kindern (TD-Dyaden) zu vergleichen. Methode: Das Protokoll der „Clinical Indicators of Risk for Child Development” und das „Coding Interactive Behaviour” wurden zur Bewertung der Interaktion verwendet. Ergebnisse: ASD-Dyaden zeigten höhere Werte in ihren Einschränkungen der Interaktion (p = 0.024), die Babys zeigten höhere Werte im Rückzugsverhalten (p = 0.003) und die Bezugspersonen zeigten höhere Werte in der depressiven Stimmung (p = 0.008) im Vergleich zu den TD-Dyaden. Schlussfolgerungen: Die ASD-Dyaden haben häufiger interaktive Beeinträchtigungen als die TD-Dyaden.
自閉症スペクトラム障害児のきょうだいのブラジル人サンプルにおける乳幼児親子相互交流についての事例比較研究 背景:自閉症スペクトラム障害 (ASD)児のきょうだいは、定型発達児のきょうだいに比べて、発育上の問題により高い感受性を示している。ASD児の養育者の精神疾患の有病率の高さは、下のきょうだいの脆弱性が情緒的問題になることを増やしている。この研究の目的は、きょうだいにASD児がいる2ヶ月から26か月までの乳幼児(平均: 11.7ヶ月/ 標準偏差: 6.9)と養育者の相互交流 (ASD-dyads)と、定型発達児のきょうだいのいる乳幼児と養育者の相互交流(TD-dyads)を比較することである。方法: 相互交流を評価するために、子どもの発達リスク臨床的指標(Clinical Indicators of Risk for Child Development)と 相互交流行動コーディング(Coding Interactive Behaviour) が使われた。結果: TD-dyadsと比較して、ASD-dyadsの方が相互交流における窮屈さのスコアが高く、乳児において高い引きこもり行動のスコア(p = 0.003) と養育者において高い抑うつ気分のスコア(p = 0.008)が示された。結論: ASD-dyadsにおいては、TD-dyadsよりも、頻繁に相互交流が損なわれている。.
關於巴西自閉症譜系障礙兒童兄弟姐妹樣本中親子互動的病例對比研究 背景:與典型發育兒童的兄弟姐妹相比, 自閉症譜系障礙 (ASD) 兒童的兄弟姐妹較易有發育問題。患有 ASD 兒童的父母患精神疾病的比例越高, 兄弟姐妹就越容易受到情緒問題的影響。這項研究的目的, 是比較自閉症譜系障礙 (ASD-dyads) 和典型發育兒童 (TD-dyads) 護理者和 2 至 26 個月大的兄弟姐妹 (平均年齡: 11.7 個月/ SD: 6.9) 的親子互動。方法: 採用兒童發育風險臨床指標和編碼交互行為評估互動。結果: 與TD-dyads相比, ASD-dyads在互動中呈現較高的狹隘分數 (p = 0.024) - 嬰兒有較高的戒斷行為評分 (p = 0.003) 和護理者有較高的抑鬱情緒評分 (p = 0.008) 。結論: ASD-dyads比TD-dyads較多有互動障礙。.
دراسة تباين الحالات حول التفاعل بين الوالدين والرضيع في عينه برازيلية من أشقاء الأطفال المصابين باضطرابات طيف التوحد الخلفية: أشقاء الأطفال المصابين باضطرابات طيف التوحد (ASD) يكونون عادة عرضة بشكل أكبر لمشاكل النمو ، مقارنه باشقاء الأطفال الطبيعيين. ويعتبر زيادة انتشار اضطرابات الصحة النفسية بين الآباء والأمهات للأطفال المصابين باضطراب طيف التوحد ASD من أسباب زيادة عرضة الاشقاء الأصغر سنا للمشاكل الانفعالية العاطفية. والهدف من هذه الدراسة هو مقارنه التفاعل بين مقدمي الرعاية والأطفال الذين تتراوح أعمارهم بين 2 إلى 26 شهرا (متوسط: 11.7 شهرا- SD = 6.9) ويكونون أشقاء الأطفال المصابين باضطراب التوحد من خلال دراسة تفاعل ثنائياتهم (ASD-dyads) بالنسبة لتفاعلات ثنائيات أشقاء لأطفال طبيعيين ذوي النمو الطبيعي(TD-dyads) . منهج البحث: تم استخدم بروتوكول المؤشرات السريرية لمخاطر نمو الطفل ومقياس ترميز السلوك التفاعلي لتقييم التفاعل. النتائج: أظهرت ثنائيات (ASD) درجات أعلى من التقيد في انفعالاتها (p = 0.024) ، حيث أظهر الرضع مستويات أعلى من السلوك الانسحابي (p = 0.003) ومقدمي الرعاية أظهروا درجات أعلي من المزاج الاكتئابي (p = 0.008) بالمقارنة مع ثنائيات الأطفال الطبيعيين. استنتاجات: ثنائيات طيف التوحد (ASD-dyads) لديهم مظاهر قصور تفاعلي بشكل أكثر من ثنائيات النمو الطبيعي (TD-dyads).

BACKGROUND: Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) occurs more frequently in first-degree relatives. It is believed that this risk is not specific to this disorder but also occurs with other psychopathologies. The study of siblings of ADHD probands is an interesting field since they share common environmental factors.
METHODS: This is a narrative literature review. A bibliographic search was performed on PubMed and PsychNet databases and topic-related publications were included without date of publication or study design limits.
RESULTS: Siblings of patients with ADHD have a higher likelihood of having this disorder when compared to controls, with odds ratios (OR) ranging between 11.4 and 13.5. Among these siblings, ADHD prevalence ranges between 26 and 45.2%. Siblings with ADHD and those without ADHD have an increased risk of having other disorders, the most frequent being oppositional defiant disorder (ODD).
CONCLUSIONS: Siblings of people with ADHD have an increased risk of having the same disorder. The risk of having another psychiatric disorder markedly increases when the sibling also presents ADHD; this is especially true for ODD, substance use disorder and bipolar disorder.

Parents\' differential treatment (PDT) is a common family dynamic that has been linked to youth development and well-being, including adjustment problems and poor sibling relationships. Much less is known, however, about the developmental course of PDT and the conditions under which parents treat their children differently in adolescence and young adulthood. This study examined longitudinal changes in mothers\' and fathers\' differential warmth and conflict with their two offspring from early adolescence through young adulthood and examined parents\' experiences of individual stress (depressive symptoms and role overload) and marital difficulties as time-varying correlates of (changes in) PDT. We also tested crossover effects to determine whether mothers\' experiences of individual stress and marital difficulties were linked to fathers\' differential treatment, and vice versa. Participants were mothers, fathers, and two siblings from 246 Mexican-origin families who were interviewed in their homes on three occasions over 8 years. Multilevel models revealed that mothers\' and fathers\' differential conflict with their two children increased until middle adolescence and then declined into young adulthood, but there were no changes over time for parents\' differential warmth. In general, both mothers\' and fathers\' levels of differential treatment were exacerbated by their own experiences of individual stress and marital difficulties and also by the experiences of their spouses. However, in some cases, greater stress than usual was linked to less differential treatment than usual.

The aim of this article is to present a situation of observation designed for the assessment of family interactions: The PicNic Game (PNG). In this situation, families are invited to play at having a picnic together. This can be done with any number of children, aged from a few weeks to adolescence. A companion assessment tool, the Revised-Picnic Assessment Scale (Re-PAS), allows evaluation of interactions in the family on several dimensions. This article presents the PNG and a preliminary study of the validation of the Re-PAS dimensions in a sample of families (N = 67) with 18-month-old infants and their siblings. The PNG was well-received by the families. Construct validity of the Re-PAS was tested, first against self-reported data by mothers and fathers regarding marital satisfaction, coparenting behavior, and division of household tasks, and then against observed maternal and paternal sensitivity and controlling behaviors assessed during free-play. Results show satisfactory preliminary reliability and validity. Two contrasting cases are presented to illustrate the different interactions highlighted in the PNG. This situation is useful for researchers and clinicians, particularly as a basis for video-feedback work with the family.

This study assessed secondborn adolescents\' perceptions of changes in the allocation of family resources following their firstborn siblings\' departure from home after high school, and whether perceived changes were related to changes over 1 year in secondborns\' academic functioning. Participants were secondborn siblings (mean age = 16.58, SD = 0.91) from 115 families in which the older sibling had left the family home in the previous year. Allocation of resources was measured via coded qualitative interviews. Most (77%) secondborns reported increases in at least one type of family resource (i.e., parental companionship, attention, material goods), and many reported an increase in multiple types of resources in the year following their older sibling\'s departure. Consistent with resource dilution theory, perceptions of increases in fathers\' companionship, fathers\' attention, and mothers\' companionship were related to improvements over time in secondborns\' academic functioning.