OBJECTIVE: This study classified 99 countries into four income groups and then analysed the impact of secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure at home, in public places and at school, on current cigarette smoking prevalence.
METHODS: We utilised data from the WHO Global Youth Tobacco Survey and a meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the prevalence and weighted odds ratios (wORs) of adolescent smoking behaviour and SHS exposure locations.
RESULTS: Both smoking behaviours increased with higher national income levels. Smoking behaviours in high and upper-middle-income countries (HICs and UMICs) exhibited an association with SHS exposure in public places (HIC: wOR, 3.50 [95% CI, 2.85-4.31]; UMIC: wOR, 2.90 [2.60-3.23]) compared to home. Low- and lower-middle-income countries (LICs and LMICs) showed an association with SHS exposure in the home (LIC: wOR, 5.33 [3.59-7.93]; LMIC: wOR, 2.71 [2.33-3.17]) than public places. The association between current cigarette smoking and SHS exposure at home increased with lower income levels, while anticipated future use of any form of tobacco with SHS exposure in public places rose in lower income countries.
CONCLUSIONS: Targeted interventions based on income levels are essential, emphasising home strategies in lower income countries and public place efforts in higher income countries.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the results of the global surveys among youth 13-15 years old on tobacco consumption, conducted in 2004, 2015, 2021 in Khabarovsk, Novosibirsk, Cheboksary, Moscow, Pskov and the Russian Federation. The dynamics and trends in consumption of tobacco, electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) and heated tobacco products (HTPs) are analyzed.
METHODS: The surveys used representative samples formed on the basis of all public schools. In 2004, 2015 and 2021 regional sampling included two stages. In 2021 national sampling included three stages: the selection of municipalities, schools and classes. All students of the selected classes were asked. The surveys used the same questionnaire. The total number of respondents - 38 345, the overall response rate - more than 90%.
RESULTS: In the Russian Federation, in 2004-2021 among students aged 13-15, the prevalence of tobacco consumption decreased from 27.3 to 11.0%, passive smoking in homes from 76.4 to 23.1%, in closed public places from 89.4 to 23.7%. The consumption of ENDS and HTPs increased up to 16.7 and 3.5% respectively. Similar trends in consumption of products, passive smoking were identified in all the cities.
CONCLUSIONS: The adoption in 2013 of the Federal Law \"On protecting the health of citizens from the effects of second hand tobacco smoke, the consequences of tobacco consumption or the consumption of nicotine-containing products\" had a significant impact on tobacco use by adolescents and reduced the prevalence of tobacco consumption and passive smoking among them by 3 times.
Статья посвящена анализу результатов Глобального обследования молодежи 13–15 лет о потреблении табака, проведенного в 2004, 2015 и 2021 г. в Хабаровске, Новосибирске, Чебоксарах, Москве, Пскове и Российской Федерации в целом. Анализируются динамика потребления табачной и никотинсодержащей продукции, тренды в потреблении табака (курительного и/или бездымного), электронных средств доставки никотина (ЭСДН) и электронных средств нагревания табака (ЭСНТ). Материалы и методы. Обследования проводили с использованием репрезентативных выборок, сформированных на базе всех государственных школ, имеющих 7–9-е классы. Формирование выборок в 2004, 2015 и 2021 г. осуществляли с применением двухступенчатой выборки: выбор школ, выбор классов. Формирование национальной выборки в 2021 г. включало 3 этапа: выбор муниципальных образований, выбор школ, выбор классов. Опрос проводили среди всех учеников выбранных классов. В обследованиях использовали один и тот же вопросник, в который в 2015 и 2021 г. добавлены вопросы по ЭСДН и ЭСНТ. Общее число респондентов составило 38 345, общий уровень ответов – более 90%. Результаты. В Российской Федерации в 2004–2021 гг. среди молодежи 13–15 лет выявлено статистически значимое снижение распространенности потребления табака с 27,3 до 11,0%, пассивного курения в домах – с 76,4 до 23,1%, в закрытых общественных местах – с 89,4 до 23,7%. Обнаружен рост потребления ЭСДН и ЭСНТ до 16,7 и 3,5% соответственно. Подобные тренды в потреблении табачной и никотинсодержащей продукции выявлены во всех обследуемых городах. Заключение. Принятие в 2013 г. Федерального закона «Об охране здоровья граждан от воздействия окружающего табачного дыма, последствий потребления табака или потребления никотинсодержащей продукции» оказало существенное противодействие потреблению табака подростками и снизило среди них в 3 раза распространенность активного и пассивного курения.

UNASSIGNED: The government of India has developed Guidelines for \"Tobacco Free Educational Institutions\" (TOFEI), which must be followed by schools across the country.
UNASSIGNED: This study utilized an ecological design to identify an association between \"compliance to TOFEI guidelines\" and the \"current tobacco use\" among 13-15 years school students in urban India. Aggregate data related to \"current tobacco users\" and \"percentage of schools that followed tobacco-free guidelines\" were taken from the Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) India- 4 (2019). We performed a simple linear regression model, and Pearson Correlation was used to see the said association.
UNASSIGNED: The results showed that as compliance with TOFEI Guidelines increases in Urban India, Current Tobacco Use decreases among school students in the 13-15 years age group.
UNASSIGNED: Thus, it is essential to address enablers and barriers to adherence to the TOFEI guidelines, as it will help reduce the prevalence of tobacco use among adolescents in urban India.

Objectives: Generation Z, defined as \"post-millennial,\" is considered to be the first generation that could end smoking. The objective is also to take into account the evolutionary aspect of the smoking and attitudes of the Generation Z. The aim of this study was to explore the willingness of Generation Z in Slovakia to comply with the legislation adopted in the field of anti-tobacco policy and to investigate some selected social factors-intention, subjective norm and percevied behavioral control-that contribute to a lower rate of compliance. Methods: Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) data on cigarette smoking among 3,557 adolescents (age range 13-15) in 2016 as well as on attitudes towards tobacco use and control measures were used to explore the level of compliance of adolescents with anti-tobacco regulations in Slovakia within the Framework Convention of Tobacco Control (FCTC). We used the concept of intention as explained in Ajzen\'s theory of planned behaviour (1985), focusing on the role of subjective norm and perceived behavioural control. Results: We found a decrease in ever smoking, current smoking and frequent smoking. We found that these adolescents start experimenting with dependence-causing substances, such as tobacco, regardless of existing rules. Conclusion: Adolescents were attracted to smoking, although they were aware of health effects of passive smoking, and a vast majority liked smoke-free places. They are also influenced by their peers and parental models.

Tobacco use among young people still remains a major public health problem. Thus, the aim of this study was to perform a cross-country comparison for the factors associated with susceptibility to tobacco use among youth from five central and eastern European countries.
The data used in the current analysis, focusing on youth (aged 11-17 years), who have never tried or experimented with cigarette smoking, was available from the recent Global Youth Tobacco Survey (Czech Republic (2016), n = 1997; Slovakia (2016), n = 1998; Slovenia (2017), n = 1765; Romania (2017), n = 3718; Lithuania (2018), n = 1305). Simple, multiple logistic regression analyses and random-effect meta-analysis were conducted to identify factors associated with tobacco use susceptibility as the lack of a firm commitment not to smoke.
Nearly a quarter of the students were susceptible to tobacco use in 4 of 5 countries. The following factors were identified, consistently across countries, as correlates of tobacco use susceptibility: exposure to passive smoking in public places (AOR from 1.3; p = 0.05 in Slovakia to 1.6; p < 0.01 in Czech Republic and Romania), peers smoking status (AOR from 1.8 p < 0.01 in Slovakia to 2.5; p < 0.01 Lithuania), opinion that smoking helped people feel more comfortable at celebrations (AOR from 1.3; p = 0.01 in Czech Republic to 1.9; p < 0.01 in Lithuania), noticing people using tobacco in mass media (AOR 1.5; p < 0.01 in Slovenia and 1.6; p < 0.01 in Lithuania), lack of knowledge on harmful effects of passive smoking (AOR 1.8; p < 0.01 in Slovakia and 2.4; p < 0.01 in Slovenia), lack of antismoking education provided by school (AOR 1.3; p < 0.05 in Czech Republic, Slovakia and Slovenia; 1.9; p < 0.01 in Lithuania), and family (AOR 1.5; p < 0.01 in Slovenia and Romania). Moreover those who believed that smoking makes young people look less attractive (AOR from 0.5; p < 0.01 in Romania to 0.7; p = 0.05 in Lithuania) and that people who smoke have less friends (AOR 0.7; p ≤ 0.06) turned out to be less susceptible to tobacco use initiation. In Czech Republic and Slovenia significantly higher susceptibility to tobacco use was observed among females as compared to males (AOR 1.4; p < 0.01), whereas in Romania opposite pattern, although not significant, was observed (p = 0.3). Having more money available for own expenses, positively correlated with smoking suitability in all countries (AOR > 1.5; p < 0.01) except Lithuania where youth with more money available tend to be less susceptible to tobacco use (p > 0.05). Youth who share the opinion that people who smoke have more friends were more susceptible to smoking in Romania (AOR 1.4; p = 0.04) but tend to be less susceptible in other countries. Exposure to advertisements at points of sale was significant correlate of tobacco use susceptibility in Slovakia and Slovenia (AOR 1.4 and 1.5 respectively; p < 0.05), with moderate heterogeneity between the countries.
A high proportion of youth from central and eastern European countries was susceptible to tobacco use. Social factors, and those related to educational and policy issues as well as to attitudes regarding tobacco use were strongly, and consistently across countries, correlated with tobacco use susceptibility. Slight differences in susceptibility to tobacco use between the countries were related to: sex, money available for own expenses, exposure to advertisements at points of sale and opinion that people who smoke have more friends. These factors should be considered when designing and implementing anti-tobacco activities among young people.

BACKGROUND: Tobacco use among young and adolescents is the biggest threat to public health globally. In Bangladesh, every one in 14 youth (13-15 years) uses tobacco in some form. While this problem is growing in the country, we estimate the underage initiation of tobacco use and present evidence that policy measures like increasing the age of purchase and use from the current 18 years to 21 years in the country backed with current tobacco control efforts and adopting vendor licensing will significantly reduce future tobacco burden.
METHODS: We analysed the two rounds of nationally representative Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) data: GATS-1 (2009-10) and GATS-2 (2016-17) and segregated the data for two categories of tobacco consumption (smokers and smokeless tobacco users) based on the age of initiation (<18, 18-21 and >21 years). Consumption patterns were also analyaed by using the GATS-2 data. Projections from sub-national level analysis for youth initiating tobacco use before 21 years and change in the prevalence of overall underage tobacco users were calculated based on weighted value.
RESULTS: According to GATS-2, around 89% of current tobacco users initiated tobacco use into daily use before the age of 18 years in Bangladesh. Whereas, striking differences were observed (statistically significant) for the average age of initiation of smoking among smokers aged 20-34 increased from 17.4 in 2009 to 19.3 years; and 20.1 to 22 years for SLT.  Moreover, more than 24% of them initiated into regular smoking before the age of 15 years.
CONCLUSIONS: There is an increasing trends of tobacco initiation among the underage youth of Bangladesh. By increasing the age of access, sale, purchase, and use of tobacco from current 18 years to 21 years will significantly reduce youth initiation and taper down the overall adult tobacco use prevalence over the long run in Bangladesh.

暂无摘要。

BACKGROUND: The water pipe is a form of tobacco smoking that recently become very popular among youth in many countries all over the globe.
OBJECTIVE: To highlight recent data collected through Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (FBiH) 2019, related to knowledge, attitudes and behavior of school children and youth to water pipe consumption.
METHODS: The GYTS questionnaire for the Federation of BiH 2019 contained 60 multiple-choice questions. The GYTS 2019 in the Federation of BiH was conducted in a total of 73 of the 75 sampled primary and secondary schools with a school response rate of 97.3%. From the 6,972 sampled students a total of 6,415 participated as eligible students in grades 8-9 of primary and 1st grade of secondary school, with a response rate for students of 92.0%.
RESULTS: Survey findings show that almost half (44.1%) of the school children confirm ever smoking the water pipe, while Current smoking of water pipe is confirmed by 16.1% school children.
CONCLUSIONS: There is a substantial need for implementing of systematic and inter sectorial tobacco control measures that involves a water pipe as new public health challenge among youth.

BACKGROUND: In 2003, the Philippines implemented legislation that prohibited the sale of tobacco products to youth, placed text warning labels on tobacco products, and prohibited tobacco smoking in public places. This study assessed if this legislation was associated with reduced cigarette smoking among youth.
METHODS: Data came from the 2000-2015 Philippines Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS), a nationally representative, cross-sectional survey of students aged 13-15 years. GYTS data were used to determine associations between tobacco control legislation and current, past 30-day, current cigarette smoking (CCS). Logistic regression models were adjusted for age, sex, current other tobacco product use (COTPU), and price per cigarette stick (PPCS).
RESULTS: In the unadjusted model, the 2003 legislation was not associated with CCS (OR=0.77; 95% CI: 0.54-1.10). After adjusting for covariates, it was negatively associated (AOR=0.65; 95% CI: 0.53-0.80). Being 15 years old (OR=1.31; 95% CI: 1.08-1.58), male (OR=2.54; 95% CI: 2.17-2.98), and COTPU (OR=4.12; 95% CI: 3.47-4.91) were positively associated with CCS in unadjusted models. In adjusted models, being 14 years old (AOR=1.29; 95% CI: 1.08-1.53), 15 years old (AOR=1.55; 95% CI: 1.31-1.84), male (AOR=2.49; 95% CI: 2.13-2.91), and COTPU (AOR=3.96; 95% CI: 3.32-4.73), were associated with CCS. PPCS was not associated with CCS in either the unadjusted (OR=1.32; 95% CI: 0.82-2.11) or adjusted (AOR=1.32; 95% CI: 0.79-2.18) models.
CONCLUSIONS: After adjusting for covariates, the 2003 tobacco control legislation was associated with lower current cigarette smoking, but price per cigarette stick was not.

Electronic cigarette use has increased over the past decade. Its potential role in smoking cessation, in addiction and as a \'gateway\' to tobacco smoking is subject to intense research. This cross-sectional study, carried out in 2013, aims to present the habits of students aged 13-15 in Greece with regard to e-cigarettes and investigate potential risk factors and the relationship between e-cigarettes, tobacco smoking and other nicotine products. It is the first such study to be carried out in Greece. The survey was based on the standardized methodology of the Global Youth Tobacco Survey. All potential associations were investigated using multiple logistic regression. In total 2.8% of the 4096 participating students were current e-cigarette users and 12.3% of them were ever users. E-cigarette use was associated with male gender, being older, current use of combustible tobacco products and e-cigarette use in the family. Ever e-cigarette use, being older, female gender and higher pocket money were associated with an increased susceptibility to tobacco smoking. E-cigarette prevalence in Greece in 2013 was similar to that of other, developed countries. The smoking and vaping habits of adolescents must be monitored in order to assess trends over time and whether any policy alterations are necessary.