BACKGROUND: International frontal sinus anatomy classification (IFAC) was introduced in 2016 to standardize the nomenclature of the cells in the frontal recess region, facilitate better communication between surgeons and precision in surgical planning, and improve surgical teaching. This study aims to estimate the radiological prevalence of the different frontal recess cells according to the IFAC and to evaluate the relationship of these cells with the frontal sinus opacification in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis.
METHODS: In this study, 90 participants diagnosed with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) who underwent computed tomogram (CT) of the para nasal sinuses were enrolled consecutively. The CT images were were studied in detail using RadiAnt DICOM viewer. The frontal recess cells were grouped as per the IFAC guidelines and their respective prevalence was calculated. The frontal recess cells were grouped as per the Opacification or mucosal thickening within these cells and the frontal sinuses were noted. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was done to evaluate the association between frontal sinus opacification and presence of various IFAC cells.
RESULTS: A total of 640 IFAC cells were documented in 180 sides, of which 326 were anterior cells, 263 were posterior cells and 51 were medial cells. The most prevalent cell was the agger nasi cells(ANC), present in 91.7% of 180 sides, the supra agger nasi cells(SANC), Supra agger nasi frontal cells(SAFC), supra bulla cells(SBC), supra bulla frontal cells(SBFC), supra orbital ethmoidal cells(SOEC) and frontal septal cells(FSC) were present in 47.8%,37.8%, 65.6%,28.9%, 51.1% and 28.3% respectively. There was no significant association of presence of IFAC cells and frontal sinus opacification except for SBFC(p = 0.038). A significantly higher number of diseased frontal recess cells were seen with involved frontal sinuses when compared with non-involved frontal sinuses across all types of IFAC cells.
CONCLUSIONS: The ANC were the most prevalent among all the IFAC cells and the FSC were the least prevalent. There was no significant association with the presence of different types of IFAC cells and frontal sinus opacification except for SBFC. However, there was a significantly higher number of diseased IFAC cells associated with frontal sinus opacification than in those without frontal sinus opacification.

Objective:Anatomical variation or scar atresia of the drainage channel of the frontal sinus on the affected side, and opening the frontal sinus through the drainage channel of the frontal sinus on the affected side may lead to surgical failure. The purpose of this study is to explore a modified Draf Ⅲ operation to complete the drainage of the affected frontal sinus by removing the floor wall and septum of the frontal sinus and connecting the bilateral frontal sinus through the healthy side of the frontal sinus. Methods:Through the anatomical study of 2 skull bone specimens and 2 fresh frozen specimens, the surgical landmark and surgical approach were explored. Four patients with frontal sinus atresia and frontal sinusitis after DrafⅡb surgery in Eye & ENT Hospital of Fudan University were retrospectively analyzed. Descriptive method was used to analyze the data. Results:The bottom wall of bilateral frontal sinus was removed, and the bilateral frontal sinus was enlarged above the nasal septum to form a large common cavity. The uncinate process and ethmoid bubble were retained, and the midline drainage of the affected frontal sinus in the healthy side of the nasal cavity was completed. From August 2022 to April 2023, 4 patients with frontal sinus atresia and frontal sinusitis after DrafⅡb surgery for unilateral frontal sinus papilloma in Eye & ENT Hospital of Fudan University were treated with surgery. The headache symptoms disappeared after surgery, and the drainage of frontal sinus was spacious, the mucosa healed well and the drainage was unobstructed under endoscopy. There were no other postoperative complications. Conclusion:DrafⅢ approach to unilateral frontal sinus for contralateral drainage can drain the affected frontal sinus adequately. The essence of this operation is to drain the bilateral frontal sinus in the unilateral nasal cavity, and this operation has short path, less trauma, and a broader prospect, which is suitable for promotion.
目的：患侧额窦的引流通道解剖变异或瘢痕闭锁，经患侧额窦引流通道开放额窦，可能会导致手术失败。本研究拟探索一种借健侧额窦和额隐窝为通路，磨除额窦底壁及额窦间隔，连通双侧额窦的改良DrafⅢ手术术式，完成患侧额窦的引流。 方法：通过对2个头颅骨性标本和2个新鲜冷冻标本的解剖研究，探索手术相关标志及手术路径。回顾性分析4例采用此术式进行治疗的患者。记录患者的相关临床资料，探讨该术式的技术细节和优缺点。 结果：通过2例头颅解剖研究，确认手术路径，借健侧额窦和额隐窝为通路，磨除双侧额窦底壁和额窦间隔，将双侧额窦在鼻中隔上方扩大成为一个大的共同腔，完成患侧额窦在健侧鼻腔的中线引流。4例患者因单侧额窦乳头状瘤行DrafⅡb手术，术后发生额窦闭锁、额窦炎，遂采用DrafⅢ借道引流术进行治疗。术后患者头痛症状消失，内镜下检查额窦引流口宽敞、黏膜愈合良好、引流通畅，无其他术后并发症。 结论：单侧额窦入路DrafⅢ借道引流术能充分引流患侧额窦。该术式创伤小，成功率高，有临床应用价值，适合单侧DrafⅡb手术失败的患者。.

OBJECTIVE: The frontal sinus remains a challenging site for irrigation due to its position relative to the nostril and ethmoid sinus. This study aims to summarize the necessary factors for efficient irrigation of the frontal sinus after endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) among patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS).
METHODS: Using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines, a systematic literature review was conducted on PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane databases to identify studies assessing the effect of frontal sinus irrigation in patients with CRS, cadaver models, or 3D-printed models of the sinonasal cavity after ESS.
RESULTS: Of the initial 206 abstracts reviewed, 18 full-text articles were included. The degree of the frontal sinus ostium opening after ESS was found to be associated with the efficacy of frontal sinus irrigation. More extensive frontal sinus surgeries tended to increase frontal sinus penetration. A Draf IIA procedure was identified as the minimum standard to achieve sufficient irrigation in the frontal sinus. Due to decreased backpressure in the nasal passage, increasing septectomy in Draf III did not significantly improve irrigation delivery. Squeeze bottles achieved significantly higher irrigation flow in the frontal sinus than syringes and pulsating devices. Large-volume irrigation devices provided better irrigation for the frontal sinus by entering or flushing the entire frontal sinus. The head position influenced the frontal sinus irrigation by altering the ostia position relative to fluid flow and vertical height of the frontal sinus during irrigation. While the vertex down head position was likely to enhance frontal sinus irrigation, the comfort of the head position and patient compliance should be considered.
CONCLUSIONS: Elements for optimization of frontal sinus irrigation are a minimum of a Draf IlA procedure for frontal sinus dissection, use of large-volume irrigation, and vertex down head positioning. Developing comfortable head positions with high frontal sinus irrigation efficiency would increase patient compliance and improve outcomes.
UNASSIGNED: NA.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the relationship of anterior occlusion and skeletal variables with the frontal sinus index.
METHODS: The retrospective, analytical, cross-sectional, study was conducted from July to November 2020 at Dr Ishratul- Ebad Khan Institute of Oral Health Sciences and Dow Dental College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, and comprised data from 2015 to 2018 related to pre-treatment lateral cephalograms for determining frontal sinus index and other cephalometric variables. The dental casts were observed for incisor classification. Patients with Class I incisors formed the comparison group, while the rest comprised 5 malocclusion groups. The frontal sinus was traced, and the sinus index was calculated. Data was analysed using STATA 15 and R 3.5.1.
RESULTS: Of the 240 subjects, there were 40(16.66%) in each of the 6 groups; 155(64.6%) females and 85(35.4%) males. The mean age of the sample was 21.33±3.52 years (range: 16-29 years). The mean sinus index was higher in all malocclusion groups than the comparison group, but it was significantly higher only in Class II division 2 and anterior open bite groups (p<0.05). The only exception to the trend was Class II division 1 with and without contact in which the value was lower (p>0.05). The anterior cranial base length, sella-nasion mandibular plane angle, and upper incisor palatal plane angle significantly affected the frontal sinus index (p<0.05).
CONCLUSIONS: The frontal sinus index could be considered an indicator of harmonious anterior occlusion.

A patient in his 20s presented with a change in the appearance of his left eye with evidence of relative afferent pupillary defect. Imaging revealed a giant frontoethmoidal osteoma, a benign sinonasal tumour, invading three-quarters of the orbit. Multidisciplinary discussion involving opthalmology, maxillofacial surgery, neurosurgery and otolaryngology resulted in the decision to attempt entirely endoscopic excision of this lesion, which was performed with successful outcomes. This case demonstrates how a sinonasal osteoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis for a patient presenting with proptosis or other eye signs suggestive of compression of the orbital compartment. This case report and literature review highlights the possibility of managing giant sinonasal osteomas with orbital extension through a completely endoscopic approach.

Objective:To investigate the criteria for selecting surgical approaches for frontal and ethmoid sinus osteomas of different locations and sizes on CT imaging. Methods:Using sagittal and coronal CT images, the following lines were delineated: the F-line（a horizontal line passing nasofrontal beak）, the M-line（a vertical line passing paries medialis orbitae）, and the P-line（a vertical line passing the center of the pupil）. Classification of frontal and ethmoid sinus osteomas was based on their relationship with these lines. Appropriate surgical approaches were selected, including pure endoscopic approaches, endoscopic combined with eyebrow incision approach, and endoscopic combined with coronal incision approach. This method was applied to a single center at the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University for endoscopic resection of frontal and ethmoid sinus osteoma. Case Data: Sixteen cases of ethmoid sinus osteomas were treated from January 2020 to September 2023. Among these cases, there were 9 males and 7 females, with ages ranging from 18 to 69 years, and a median age of 48 years. Results:Thirteen cases underwent pure endoscopic resection of the osteoma, while in three cases, a combined approach was utilized. Among the combined approach cases, two exceeded both the M-line and the F-line but did not cross the P-line; therefore, they underwent endoscopic combined with eyebrow incision approach. One case exceeded all three lines and thus underwent endoscopic combined with coronal incision. In all cases, complete resection of the osteoma was achieved as per preoperative planning, and none of the patients experienced significant postoperative complications. Conclusion:For frontal and ethmoid sinus osteomas, it is advisable to perform a thorough preoperative radiological assessment. Based on the size of the osteoma and its relationship to the three lines, an appropriate surgical approach should be chosen to optimize the diagnostic and treatment plan.
目的：探讨在CT影像上不同位置和大小额筛窦骨瘤的手术入路选择标准。 方法：分别在鼻窦矢状位和冠状位CT上选择F线（额嘴水平线）、M线（眶内侧壁线）、P线（瞳孔中心垂直线），根据额筛窦骨瘤和F线、P线、M线的关系进行分类，并选择合适的手术入路（包括单纯内镜入路、内镜联合眉弓切口入路及内镜联合冠状切口入路），2020年1月-2023年9月中山大学附属第三医院收治的16例额筛窦骨瘤患者均应用此方法完成额筛窦骨瘤切除手术，其中男9例，女7例；年龄18～69岁，中位年龄48岁。 结果：16例患者中，13例单纯内镜下切除骨瘤；3例采用联合入路，其中2例超越M线及F线且未过P线者采用内镜联合眉弓切口入路，余1例超越三线者采用内镜联合冠状切口入路。患者的骨瘤均按照术前设计得到完整切除，术后均未发生明显并发症。 结论：额筛窦骨瘤术前建议影像学上仔细评估，根据骨瘤的大小及三线的位置关系，选择合适手术入路，优化诊疗方案。.

BACKGROUND: Gender determination of deceased individuals may become necessary in scenarios involving sudden and unforeseen fatalities like explosions, fires, transportation accidents, or instances of mutilation or decomposition, which frequently require medicolegal expertise. Forensic radiology is instrumental in identifying gender. The shape of the frontal sinus is considered distinct for every person, differing even among identical twins, much like individual fingerprints and establishing personal identity.
OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to validate and determine gender identification by evaluating frontal sinus measurements using digital posteroanterior cephalograms with reference to Yoshino\'s classification and to determine gender based on measurements of frontal sinus size, bilateral asymmetry, the outline of the upper border of the frontal sinus, partial septa, and supraorbital cells of the frontal sinus.
METHODS: A total of 300 digital posteroanterior cephalograms (150 males and 150 females) of age groups ranging from 18 to 30 years were collected from the records of the Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Panineeya Institute of Dental Sciences & Research Centre, Hyderabad. The parameters that were assessed in a digital radiograph are Yoshino\'s frontal sinus pattern of the individual, which includes frontal sinus size, bilateral asymmetry, superiority of the side, outline of the upper border, partial septa, and supraorbital cells. The measurements were taken, tabulated, and compared with the standard values of the gender measurement. The values were subjected to statistical analysis.
RESULTS: Results showed a statistically significant difference in the mean height (p=0.000), width (p=0.000), area (p=0.000), partial septa (p=0.002), and outline of the upper border on the right side (p=0.011) of the frontal sinus for both males and females. The mean values for length, width, and area of the frontal sinus were higher in males than females. No statistical difference is found on the outline of the upper border on the left side, superiority of the side, and supraorbital cells. The application of discriminative analysis to the data accurately identified gender in 65.3% of the cases.
CONCLUSIONS: Thus, from the above study, the forensic application of frontal sinus morphology can be recommended as an adjunctive tool for gender determination.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of various frontal sinus fractures (FSF) and examine the relationships between these fractures, types of treatments, and potential complications.
METHODS: A retrospective study was carried out in King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The study analyzed the records of patients who were diagnosed and treated with FSF from 2011-2021. Files with missing documents or incomplete treatment were excluded. The retrieved data includes: patients age, gender, types, locations, treatment, and complications of FSF. Data was analyzed by the statistical Package for the Social Sciences Statistics, version 23.0 using descriptive statistics and Chi-square test.
RESULTS: A total of 72 cases were included, 94.4% males and 5.6% females. Road traffic accidents were the common cause of trauma (91%). Frontal sinus fractures were unilateral in 59.7% and associated other injuries in 80.6% of cases. Anterior table fractures were the largest proportion (58.3%), followed by anterior and posterior table (37.5%). The carried out surgical procedures were obliteration (23.9%), cranialization and obliteration (23.9%), and fixation only (52.2%). The post-operative complications were categorized into; neurological (22.2%), ophthalmic (15.3%), infection (2.8%), and deformity (16.7%). Anterior and posterior table had the highest percentage among these categories.
CONCLUSIONS: Frontal sinus fractures were mostly required surgical treatment (63.9%) and post-operative complications occurred especially the neurological and ophthalmic. We recommend studies on the association of complications and different types of obliteration materials.

Brow position, hairline shape, and forehead projection may confer cis-feminine identity, and facial feminization surgery (FFS) can improve gender dysphoria among transfeminine patients. Depending on the Ousterhout classification, burring, osteotomy, anterior frontal sinus setback, and augmentation, with subsequent fixation via metal or bioabsorbable plates, can address forehead projection. However, titanium mesh, often used in frontal sinus fracture repair, has not been described for forehead contouring in FFS. The purpose of this study was to study clinical outcomes associated with the use of titanium mesh for the stabilization of bone following anterior frontal sinus setback. A retrospective cohort study of trans-female and nonbinary patients undergoing primary FFS by our senior author between January 2021 and February 2023 was performed. Variables collected include demographics, Ousterhout classification, operative details, complications, and follow-up duration. Patients with prior FFS or facial trauma were excluded. Data were analyzed using SPSS, (IBM, Armonk, NY). Forty-three transfeminine patients were included for analysis. The cohort had an average age of 33.0±8.7 years and a median follow-up time of 3.0 months (IQR = 1.0-7.0). Among our cohort, 26 patients (60.5%) received titanium mesh and 17 patients (39.5%) underwent burring only for forehead contouring. There were no reported complications (ie, infection, hardware extrusion, or mucocele formation) or a need for forehead revisions among the entire cohort regardless of the frontal sinus reconstruction material utilized. Clinical outcomes were favorable among patients receiving titanium mesh anterior table fixation during FFS. Titanium mesh can be considered as an additional technique for frontal bossing reduction and anterior table fixation in FFS.

To evaluate differences in the morphology of the frontal sinus in adolescents and adults with different craniofacial patterns, searches up to April 2024 were conducted in six databases and other information sources to identify observational studies. Study selection, data extraction, and quality assessment using the NOS scale were performed independently by two reviewers. Random effects meta-analyses were conducted to estimate the difference in frontal sinus measurements between different craniofacial skeletal patterns (α = 0.05). The certainty of the evidence was evaluated according to GRADE. Fourteen studies were included in the review. All studies had methodological limitations that affected their quality. The syntheses showed that skeletal Class II subjects presented a significantly smaller width of the frontal sinus than skeletal Class I subjects (MD = 0.56; 95% CI: 0.38, 0.74; p < 0.0001; I2 = 3%). Skeletal Class III subjects showed a frontal sinus width (MD = -0.91; 95% CI: -1.35, -0.47; p < 0.0001; I2 = 36%) and area (MD = -28.13; 95% CI: -49.03, -7.23; p = 0.0084; I2 = 66%) significantly larger than those of the skeletal Class I subjects. The available evidence suggests a positive relationship between mandibular and frontal sinus size. There is limited evidence to make reliable estimates of the association of other craniofacial patterns and frontal sinus characteristics. These reported results are not conclusive and should be evaluated carefully due to the very low certainty of the evidence. The current evidence is scarce and consists of studies with methodological limitations; the results of the studies are often inconsistent, and the pooled estimates are imprecise. New high-quality research is still necessary.