BACKGROUND: Population studies show that musculoskeletal conditions are a leading contributor to the total burden of healthy life lost, second only to cancer and with a similar burden to cardiovascular disease. Prioritizing the delivery of effective treatments is necessary, and with the ubiquity of consumer smart devices, the use of digital health interventions is increasing. Messaging is popular and easy to use and has been studied for a range of health-related uses, including health promotion, encouragement of behavior change, and monitoring of disease progression. It may have a useful role to play in the management and self-management of musculoskeletal conditions.
OBJECTIVE: Previous reviews on the use of messaging for people with musculoskeletal conditions have focused on synthesizing evidence of effectiveness from randomized controlled trials. In this review, our objective was to map the musculoskeletal messaging literature more broadly to identify information that may inform the design of future messaging interventions and summarize the current evidence of efficacy, effectiveness, and economics.
METHODS: Following a prepublished protocol developed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Manual for Evidence Synthesis, we conducted a comprehensive scoping review of the literature (2010-2022; sources: PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, and PsycINFO) related to SMS text messaging and app-based messaging for people with musculoskeletal conditions. We described our findings using tables, plots, and a narrative summary.
RESULTS: We identified a total of 8328 papers for screening, of which 50 (0.6%) were included in this review (3/50, 6% previous reviews and 47/50, 94% papers describing 40 primary studies). Rheumatic diseases accounted for the largest proportion of the included primary studies (19/40, 48%), followed by studies on multiple musculoskeletal conditions or pain sites (10/40, 25%), back pain (9/40, 23%), neck pain (1/40, 3%), and \"other\" (1/40, 3%). Most studies (33/40, 83%) described interventions intended to promote positive behavior change, typically by encouraging increased physical activity and exercise. The studies evaluated a range of outcomes, including pain, function, quality of life, and medication adherence. Overall, the results either favored messaging interventions or had equivocal outcomes. While the theoretical underpinnings of the interventions were generally well described, only 4% (2/47) of the papers provided comprehensive descriptions of the messaging intervention design and development process. We found no relevant economic evaluations.
CONCLUSIONS: Messaging has been used for the care and self-management of a range of musculoskeletal conditions with generally favorable outcomes reported. However, with few exceptions, design considerations are poorly described in the literature. Further work is needed to understand and disseminate information about messaging content and message delivery characteristics, such as timing and frequency specifically for people with musculoskeletal conditions. Similarly, further work is needed to understand the economic effects of messaging and practical considerations related to implementation and sustainability.
UNASSIGNED: RR2-10.1136/bmjopen-2021-048964.

BACKGROUND: Digital technology and gamified apps can be useful in the health care context. Gamification uses technology to influence users\' actions and motivations through experiences that resemble games. Patient adherence to the enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) program is crucial for achieving early recovery after surgery and continuous monitoring is essential for obtaining good results.
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to describe the development and validation of a mobile app for enhanced recovery after surgery (MobERAS), a gamified mobile health app for telemonitoring patients in the postoperative period based on the ERAS program, and to evaluate its functionality and usability and the experience of patients, health care professionals, and computer professionals with its use.
METHODS: We developed MobERAS for postoperative telemonitoring, with active participation of patients in the process, and offering availability of real-time information for the health team. The app development process included idealization, interdisciplinary team formation, potential needs assessment, and product deployment. Usability tests were conducted throughout the development process with improvements, technical adjustments, and updates. After finalization, comprehensive verification tests were performed. The parameters evaluated are those that can influence the length of hospital stay, such as nausea, vomiting, pain scales, return to normal gastrointestinal function, and thromboembolic events. MobERAS was designed to be downloaded by users on their phones, tablets, or other mobile devices and to provide postoperative data. The app has a GPS that monitors the patient\'s walking time and distance and is connected to a virtual database that stores the collected data.
RESULTS: Women undergoing medium and major gynecologic oncologic surgeries were included. We included 65 patients with an average age of 53.2 (SD 7.4, range 18-85) years. The time of use ranged from 23.4 to 70 hours (mean 45.1, SD 19.2 hours). Regarding adherence to the use of MobERAS, the mean fill rate was 56.3% (SD 12.1%, range 41.7%-100%), and ambulation data were obtained for 60 (92.3%) of the 65 patients. The researcher had access to the data filled out by the patients in real time. There was good acceptance of the use of MobERAS by the patients, with good evaluation of the app\'s usability. MobERAS was easy to use and considered attractive because of its gamified design. The app was rated as good or very good in all items by health care professionals (n=20) and professionals specializing in technological innovation (n=10).
CONCLUSIONS: MobERAS is easy to use, safe, well accepted by patients, and well evaluated by experts. It can be of great use in clinical surgical practice and an important tool for greater engagement of patients and health care professionals with the ERAS program.

BACKGROUND: Home medication management has been insufficiently studied, including the factors that impact the development and effectiveness of adherence strategies under both routine and anomalous circumstances. Older adults are a particularly important population to study due to the greater likelihood of taking medication in combination with the desire to \"age in place.\"
OBJECTIVE: This interview study aims to understand how older adults develop medication management strategies, identify when and why such strategies succeed or fail, learn more about how older adults think about their medication, and explore interventions that increase medication adherence.
METHODS: This study used a qualitative, semistructured interview design to elicit older adults\' experiences with home medication management. Overall, 22 participants aged ≥50 years taking 1 to 3 prescription medications were recruited and interviewed. Interview responses were recorded, and thematic, qualitative analysis was performed by reviewing recordings and identifying recurring patterns and themes. Responses were systematically coded, which not only facilitated the identification of these themes but also allowed us to quantify the prevalence of behaviors and perceptions, providing a robust understanding of medication management and medication adherence.
RESULTS: Participants reported developing home medication management strategies on their own, with none of the participants receiving guidance from health care providers and 59% (13/22) of the participants using trial and error. The strategies developed by study participants were all unique and generally encompassed prescription medication and vitamins or supplements, with no demarcation between what was prescribed or recommended by a physician and what they selected independently. Participants thought about their medications by their chemical name (10/22, 45%), by the appearance of the pill (8/22, 36%), by the medication\'s purpose (2/22, 9%), or by the medication\'s generic name (2/22, 9%). Pill cases (17/22, 77%) were more popular than prescription bottles (5/22, 23%) for storage of daily medication. Most participants (19/22, 86%) stored their pill cases or prescription bottles in visible locations in the home, and those using pill cases varied in their refill routines. Participants used ≥2 routines or objects as triggers to take their medication. Nonadherence was associated with a disruption to their routine. Finally, only 14% (3/22) of the participants used a time-based reminder or alarm, and none of the participants used a medication adherence device or app.
CONCLUSIONS: Participants in our study varied considerably in their home medication management strategies and developed unique routines to remember to take their medication as well as to refill their pill cases. To reduce trial and error in establishing a strategy, there are opportunities for physicians and pharmacists to provide adherence guidance to older adults. To minimize the impact of disruptions on adherence, there are opportunities to develop more durable strategies and to design aids to medication adherence that leverage established daily routines.

Double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized controlled trials are the gold standard for clinical trials in nutrition science. For trials of whole diets, dietary counseling are advantageous as they offer clinical translatability although can vary in the fidelity of the intended intervention from participant to participant and across studies. Feeding trials, in which most or all food is provided, offer high precision and can provide proof-of-concept evidence that a dietary intervention is efficacious and can also better evaluate the effect of known quantities of foods and nutrients on physiology. However, they come with additional methodological complexities. Feeding trials also call for a variety of unique methodological considerations, not least of which relate to the design and delivery of diets to participants. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of recommendations for design and conduct of feeding trials, encompassing domiciled and non-domiciled feeding trials. Several pertinent aspects of trial design and methodology are discussed, including defining the study population to maximize retention, safety and generalisability of findings, recommendations for design of control interventions and optimising blinding, and specific considerations for clinical populations. A detailed stepwise process for menu design, development, validation and delivery are also presented. These recommendations aim to facilitate methodologic consistency and execution of high quality feeding trials, ultimately facilitating improved understanding of the role of diet in treating disease and the underpinning mechanisms.

The concept of metamaterial recently emerged as a new frontier of scientific research, encompassing physics, materials science and engineering. In a broad sense, a metamaterial indicates an engineered material with exotic properties not found in nature, obtained by appropriate architecture either at macro-scale or at micro-/nano-scales. The architecture of metamaterials can be tailored to open unforeseen opportunities for mechanical and acoustic applications, as demonstrated by an impressive and increasing number of studies. Building on this knowledge, this theme issue aims to gather cutting-edge theoretical, computational and experimental studies on elastic and acoustic metamaterials, with the purpose of offering a wide perspective on recent achievements and future challenges.This article is part of the theme issue, \'Current developments in elastic and acoustic metamaterials science (Part 2)\'.

The evaluation of the effects of architecture and design in psychiatric hospitals primarily focuses on final outcomes, such as disease progression, and is made from the perspective of evidence-based medicine. Meanwhile, the evidence-informed, realist approach addresses how the intervention works. Understanding the underlying action mechanisms of the intervention is needed to facilitate its scaling-up and adaptation in new environments. This umbrella review reports in which ways architecture and design have an effect on patients\' and staff experience in inpatient psychiatric hospital. The search was constructed around three key concepts (psychiatric hospital, design, and staff and patient outcomes) and was conducted across three reference databases (Embase, Medline, and PsychINFO). Academic and gray literature was analyzed. Information on design and architectural features in psychiatric hospitals, their effects on patients and staff experience, and the acting mechanisms enabling these effects were extracted. From 951 original references, 14 full texts were included in the analysis. Design and architectural features (e.g., aesthetic appeal of places, home-like environment) in psychiatric hospitals address patients\' stress, boost social interaction, foster patients\' autonomy and feelings of control, ensure respect for patient\'s privacy and dignity, and prevent under-and overstimulation. Using theory-driven evaluation may facilitate future hospital renovation and the evaluation of its effect.

Since 2020, many compounds have been investigated for their potential use in the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Among these agents, a huge number of natural products and FDA-approved drugs have been evaluated as potential therapeutics for SARS-CoV-2 using virtual screening and docking studies. However, the identification of the molecular targets involved in viral replication led to the development of rationally designed anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents. Among these targets, the main protease (Mpro) is one of the key enzymes needed in the replication of the virus. The data gleaned from the crystal structures of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro complexes with small-molecule covalent inhibitors has been used in the design and discovery of many highly potent and broad-spectrum Mpro inhibitors. The current review focuses mainly on the covalent type of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro inhibitors. The design, chemistry, and classification of these inhibitors were also in focus. The biological activity of these inhibitors, including their inhibitory activities against Mpro, their antiviral activities, and the SAR studies, were discussed. The review also describes the potential mechanism of the interaction between these inhibitors and the catalytic Cys145 residue in Mpro. Moreover, the binding modes and key binding interactions of these covalent inhibitors were also illustrated. The covalent inhibitors discussed in this review were of diverse chemical nature and origin. Their antiviral activity was mediated mainly by the inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro, with IC50 values in the micromolar to the nanomolar range. Many of these inhibitors exhibited broad-spectrum inhibitory activity against the Mpro enzymes of other coronaviruses (SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV). The dual inhibition of the Mpro and PLpro enzymes of SARS-CoV-2 could also provide higher therapeutic benefits than Mpro inhibition. Despite the approval of nirmatrelvir by the FDA, many mutations in the Mpro enzyme of SARS-CoV-2 have been reported. Although some of these mutations did not affect the potency of nirmatrelvir, there is an urgent need to develop a second generation of Mpro inhibitors. We hope that the data summarized in this review could help researchers in the design of a new potent generation of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro inhibitors.

UNASSIGNED: The increasing prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMSDs) necessitates a reevaluation of physiotherapy department design. Optimizing these spaces is crucial as they serve as primary settings for preventing and managing WRMSDs, highlighting the need for a forward-thinking approach.
UNASSIGNED: This study aims to outline a vision for future research by identifying key strategies to prevent WRMSDs and enhance operational efficiency in physiotherapy departments.
UNASSIGNED: Ergonomics, workplace safety, and physiotherapy practices formed the basis for this paper in identifying the current challenges and opportunities in departmental design. Expert insights and feedback from healthcare practitioners aiding in the formulation of innovative solutions and recommendations for future research endeavors.
UNASSIGNED: Integration of ergonomic principles, advanced technologies, interdisciplinary collaboration, and proactive safety measures into physiotherapy department design improve working environments for physiotherapists.
UNASSIGNED: Envisioning the future of physiotherapy department design offers promising avenues for improving patient care outcomes and supporting therapist well-being.

This paper is the introduction to a topical collection on \"Changing Values and Energy Systems\" that consists of six contributions that examine instances of value change regarding the design, use and operation of energy systems. This introduction discusses the need to consider values in the energy transition. It examines conceptions of value and value change and how values can be addressed in the design of energy systems. Value change in the context of energy and energy systems is a topic that has recently gained traction. Current, and past, energy transitions often focus on a limited range of values, such as sustainability, while leaving other salient values, such as energy democracy, or energy justice, out of the picture. Furthermore, these values become entrenched in the design of these systems: it is hard for stakeholders to address new concerns and values in the use and operation of these systems, leading to further costly transitions and systems\' overhaul. To remedy this issue, value change in the context of energy systems needs to be better understood. We also need to think about further requirements for the governance, institutional and engineering design of energy systems to accommodate future value change. Openness, transparency, adaptiveness, flexibility and modularity emerge as new requirements within the current energy transition that need further exploration and scrutiny.

BACKGROUND: The integration of smart technologies, including wearables and voice-activated devices, is increasingly recognized for enhancing the independence and well-being of older adults. However, the long-term dynamics of their use and the coadaptation process with older adults remain poorly understood. This scoping review explores how interactions between older adults and smart technologies evolve over time to improve both user experience and technology utility.
OBJECTIVE: This review synthesizes existing research on the coadaptation between older adults and smart technologies, focusing on longitudinal changes in use patterns, the effectiveness of technological adaptations, and the implications for future technology development and deployment to improve user experiences.
METHODS: Following the Joanna Briggs Institute Reviewer\'s Manual and PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews) guidelines, this scoping review examined peer-reviewed papers from databases including Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid Embase, PEDro, Ovid PsycINFO, and EBSCO CINAHL from the year 2000 to August 28, 2023, and included forward and backward searches. The search was updated on March 1, 2024. Empirical studies were included if they involved (1) individuals aged 55 years or older living independently and (2) focused on interactions and adaptations between older adults and wearables and voice-activated virtual assistants in interventions for a minimum period of 8 weeks. Data extraction was informed by the selection and optimization with compensation framework and the sex- and gender-based analysis plus theoretical framework and used a directed content analysis approach.
RESULTS: The search yielded 16,143 papers. Following title and abstract screening and a full-text review, 5 papers met the inclusion criteria. Study populations were mostly female participants and aged 73-83 years from the United States and engaged with voice-activated virtual assistants accessed through smart speakers and wearables. Users frequently used simple commands related to music and weather, integrating devices into daily routines. However, communication barriers often led to frustration due to devices\' inability to recognize cues or provide personalized responses. The findings suggest that while older adults can integrate smart technologies into their lives, a lack of customization and user-friendly interfaces hinder long-term adoption and satisfaction. The studies highlight the need for technology to be further developed so they can better meet this demographic\'s evolving needs and call for research addressing small sample sizes and limited diversity.
CONCLUSIONS: Our findings highlight a critical need for continued research into the dynamic and reciprocal relationship between smart technologies and older adults over time. Future studies should focus on more diverse populations and extend monitoring periods to provide deeper insights into the coadaptation process. Insights gained from this review are vital for informing the development of more intuitive, user-centric smart technology solutions to better support the aging population in maintaining independence and enhancing their quality of life.
UNASSIGNED: RR2-10.2196/51129.