Chrysanthemum

菊花
  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    菊花射线小花的形态与细胞分裂和细胞扩增密切相关,两者都需要适当的细胞周期进程。在这里,我们确定了菊花lavandulifolium同源物ClCYCA2;1,其在射线小花中的表达与C.lavandulifolium的花瓣宽度呈负相关。CYCLOIDEA2(CYC2)家族中的两个TCP转录因子,ClCYC2a与ClCYC2b相互作用并稳定ClCYC2b,后者可以与ClCYCA2;1的启动子结合以激活其转录。ClCYCA2;1在C.lavandulifolium中的过表达减少了头状花和射线小花的大小。细胞学分析显示,ClCYCA2;1过表达通过抑制射线小花的有丝分裂细胞周期来抑制细胞分裂和细胞扩增,射线小花的横向发育受到更大的负面影响,导致后期发育阶段花瓣长宽比增加。酵母双杂交文库筛选揭示了多种ClCYCA2;1相互作用蛋白包括ARP7,而沉默ClARP7抑制射线小花的发育。免疫共沉淀测定证实ClCYCA2;1可以诱导ClARP7的降解以抑制射线小花的发展。一起来看,我们的研究构成了一个含有ClCYC2b-ClCYCA2的调节网络;1-ClARP7在射线小花发育中通过控制有丝分裂,这可能有助于针对菊花新颖观赏性状的育种工作。
    Morphology of ray florets in chrysanthemums is tightly associated with cell division and cell expansion, both of which require proper cell cycle progression. Here we identified a Chrysanthemum lavandulifolium homolog ClCYCA2;1, whose expression in ray florets is negatively correlated with petal width in C. lavandulifolium. Two TCP transcription factors in CYCLOIDEA2 (CYC2) family, ClCYC2a interacts with and stabilizes ClCYC2b and the latter can bind to the promoter of ClCYCA2;1 to activate its transcription. Overexpression of ClCYCA2;1 in C. lavandulifolium reduces the size of capitula and ray florets. Cytological analysis reveals that ClCYCA2;1 overexpression inhibits both cell division and cell expansion via repressing mitotic cell cycle in ray florets whose latitudinal development was more negatively influenced leading to increased ratios of petal length to width at later developmental stages. Yeast two hybrid library screening reveals multiple ClCYCA2;1 interacting proteins including ARP7, and silencing ClARP7 inhibits the development of ray florets. Co-immunoprecipitation assays confirm that ClCYCA2;1 can induce the degradation of ClARP7 to inhibit the development of ray florets. Taken together, our study constitutes a regulatory network containing ClCYC2b-ClCYCA2;1-ClARP7 in ray floret development via governing mitosis, which may facilitate breeding efforts targeted for novel ornamental traits of chrysanthemums.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    \'Hangju\'是菊花×桑草拉马的一种。具有食用和药用价值,作为传统中药种植了四个世纪。由于内涝,"杭菊"的种植目前处于危险之中,然而,对其对内涝压力的反应缺乏全面的了解。这项研究比较了耐涝的“杭菊”品种增强的耐涝性(EWT)与对耐涝敏感的品种CK(“zaoxiaoyangju”)。EWT表现出更发达的通气组织结构,并且在淹水后不定根表现出快速生长。时程转录组分析表明,EWT可以迅速调节与能量代谢信号通路有关的基因的表达,以适应积水环境。通过WGCNA分析,我们确定整合酶型DNA结合蛋白(CmTINY2)是调节EWT耐水性的关键因素。CmTINY2,属于乙烯反应因子(ERF)亚家族III的转录因子,在细胞核内操作并激活下游基因表达。它在增强耐涝能力中的作用可能与通过乙烯响应元件(ERE)基因控制气孔孔径有关。总之,我们的研究表明,EWT显示的耐涝能力是形态结构和分子调节机制相结合的结果。此外,对ERF亚家族III的CmTINY2功能的研究也扩大了我们对ERF基因在淹水信号通路中的作用的认识。
    \'Hangju\' is a variety of Chrysanthemum × morifolium Ramat. with both edible and medicinal value, cultivated as a traditional Chinese medicine for four centuries. The cultivation of \'Hangju\' is currently at risk due to waterlogging, yet there is a lack of comprehensive understanding regarding its response to waterlogging stress. This study compared the waterlogging-tolerant \'Hangju\' variety Enhanced Waterlogging Tolerance (EWT) with the waterlogging-sensitive variety CK (\'zaoxiaoyangju\'). EWT exhibited a more developed aeration tissue structure and demonstrated rapid growth regarding the adventitious roots following waterlogging. The time-course transcriptome analysis indicated that EWT could swiftly adjust the expression of the genes involved in the energy metabolism signaling pathways to acclimate to the waterlogged environment. Through WGCNA analysis, we identified Integrase-Type DNA-Binding Protein (CmTINY2) as a key factor in regulating the waterlogging tolerance in EWT. CmTINY2, a transcription factor belonging to the ethylene-responsive factor (ERF) subfamily III, operated within the nucleus and activated downstream gene expression. Its role in enhancing the waterlogging tolerance might be linked to the control of the stomatal aperture via the Ethylene-Responsive Element (ERE) gene. In summary, our research elucidated that the waterlogging tolerance displayed by EWT is a result of a combination of the morphological structure and molecular regulatory mechanisms. Furthermore, the study of the functions of CmTINY2 from ERF subfamily III also broadened our knowledge of the role of the ERF genes in the waterlogging signaling pathways.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    bZIP转录因子在调节植物发育和逆境胁迫反应中起重要作用。尽管已经在许多植物物种中发现了bZIP,关于菊花BZIP的信息很少。在这项研究中,从蒙古梭菌的叶转录组中鉴定出bZIPTFs,自然耐旱的植物。从蒙古梭菌的叶片转录组中鉴定出总共28个全长bZIP家族成员,并根据它们与拟南芥bZIP的系统发育关系分为五个亚家族。在蒙古梭菌的bZIP蛋白中检测到10个保守基序。亚细胞定位分析显示,大多数CmbZIP被预测位于细胞核中。一种新的bZIP基因,命名为CmbZIP9,是基于蒙古梭菌转录组数据的序列克隆的,并在烟草中过表达。结果表明,CmbZIP9的过表达降低了干旱胁迫下丙二醛(MDA)含量,增加了过氧化物酶(POD)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性以及胁迫相关基因的表达水平。从而提高转基因烟草品系的耐旱性。这些结果为进一步探索菊花bZIP家族基因的功能提供了理论基础,为今后菊花抗逆性的提高奠定了基础。
    bZIP transcription factors play important roles in regulating plant development and stress responses. Although bZIPs have been identified in many plant species, there is little information on the bZIPs in Chrysanthemum. In this study, bZIP TFs were identified from the leaf transcriptome of C. mongolicum, a plant naturally tolerant to drought. A total of 28 full-length bZIP family members were identified from the leaf transcriptome of C. mongolicum and were divided into five subfamilies based on their phylogenetic relationships with the bZIPs from Arabidopsis. Ten conserved motifs were detected among the bZIP proteins of C. mongolicum. Subcellular localization assays revealed that most of the CmbZIPs were predicted to be localized in the nucleus. A novel bZIP gene, designated as CmbZIP9, was cloned based on a sequence of the data of the C. mongolicum transcriptome and was overexpressed in tobacco. The results indicated that the overexpression of CmbZIP9 reduced the malondialdehyde (MDA) content and increased the peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities as well as the expression levels of stress-related genes under drought stress, thus enhancing the drought tolerance of transgenic tobacco lines. These results provide a theoretical basis for further exploring the functions of the bZIP family genes and lay a foundation for stress resistance improvement in chrysanthemums in the future.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    背景:菊花“汉白菊”,一种受欢迎的药用和食用植物,主要通过黄酮和咖啡酰基奎尼酸(CQAs)的存在发挥其生物活性。然而,菊花中黄酮和CQA生物合成的调节机制尚不清楚。
    结果:在这项研究中,用高效液相色谱法测定了菊花发育过程中黄酮和CQAs的含量,揭示了在S1和S2处具有较高水平的积累模式,在S3至S5处逐渐减少。转录组分析显示CmPAL1/2、CmCHS1/2、CmFNS、CmHQT,和CmHCT是黄酮和CQAs生物合成的关键结构基因。此外,加权基因共表达相关网络分析(WGCNA),k均值聚类,在这项研究中进行了相关分析和蛋白质相互作用预测,以确定与黄酮和CQA生物合成相关的转录因子(TFs),包括MYB,bHLH,AP2/ERF,和MADS盒子家族。TFsCmERF/PTI6和CmCMD77被提议充当CmMYB3和CmbHLH143的上游调节因子,而CmMYB3和CmbHLH143可能形成复合物直接调节结构基因CmPAL1/2,CmCHS1/2,CmFNS,CmHQT,和CmHCT,从而控制黄酮和CQA的生物合成。
    结论:总体而言,这些发现为菊花中黄酮和CQAs积累的TF调节网络提供了初步见解,这为“杭白菊”质量提升和行业高质量发展奠定了理论基础。
    BACKGROUND: Chrysanthemum morifolium \'HangBaiJu\', a popular medicinal and edible plant, exerts its biological activities primarily through the presence of flavones and caffeoylquinic acids (CQAs). However, the regulatory mechanism of flavone and CQA biosynthesis in the chrysanthemum capitulum remains unclear.
    RESULTS: In this study, the content of flavones and CQAs during the development of chrysanthemum capitulum was determined by HPLC, revealing an accumulation pattern with higher levels at S1 and S2 and a gradual decrease at S3 to S5. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that CmPAL1/2, CmCHS1/2, CmFNS, CmHQT, and CmHCT were key structural genes in flavones and CQAs biosynthesis. Furthermore, weighted gene co-expression correlation network analysis (WGCNA), k-means clustering, correlation analysis and protein interaction prediction were carried out in this study to identify transcription factors (TFs) associated with flavone and CQA biosynthesis, including MYB, bHLH, AP2/ERF, and MADS-box families. The TFs CmERF/PTI6 and CmCMD77 were proposed to act as upstream regulators of CmMYB3 and CmbHLH143, while CmMYB3 and CmbHLH143 might form a complex to directly regulate the structural genes CmPAL1/2, CmCHS1/2, CmFNS, CmHQT, and CmHCT, thereby controlling flavone and CQA biosynthesis.
    CONCLUSIONS: Overall, these findings provide initial insights into the TF regulatory network underlying flavones and CQAs accumulation in the chrysanthemum capitulum, which laid a theoretical foundation for the quality improvement of C. morifolium \'HangBaiJu\' and the high-quality development of the industry.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    菊花(菊花,地面覆盖菊花),一种重要的花园花,具有较高的观赏和经济价值。然而,中国东北经历的低温使其观赏价值大大降低。这里,对3个菊花品种低温前后进行代谢组学和转录组学研究,探讨其代谢动力学变化和分子调控机制。成果显示,1324种代谢物被检测到,其中327种被鉴定为菊花类黄酮。低温条件下,3个品种黄酮类生物合成途径相关的代谢产物积累和基因表达显著增加,表明类黄酮代谢积极参与菊花的冷反应。具体来说,在XHBF中,花青素和天花素衍生物的含量和花青素生物合成基因的表达显着增加,为低温下花瓣颜色从白色到紫色的变化提供了合理的解释。通过相关网络和系统发育分析鉴定了六个参与黄酮类化合物糖基化的候选UDP-糖基转移酶基因。通过相关性分析和加权基因共表达网络分析(WGCNA),发现了CmNAC1,CmbZIP3和其他可能调节类黄酮代谢和响应低温的转录因子。总之,这项研究阐明了菊花中黄酮类化合物对低温的特异性反应,为研究耐寒性提供有价值的见解和代谢数据。
    Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium, ground-cover Chrysanthemums), one of the important garden flowers, has a high ornamental and economic value. However, its ornamental value is significantly diminished by the low temperature experienced in northeastern China. Here, metabolomics and transcriptomics were performed on three Chrysanthemum cultivars before and after a low temperature to investigate the dynamic metabolite changes and the molecular regulatory mechanisms. The results showed that 1324 annotated metabolites were detected, among which 327 were identified as flavonoids derived from Chrysanthemum. The accumulation of metabolites and gene expression related to the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway significantly increased in the three cultivars under the low temperature, indicating flavonoid metabolism actively participates in the Chrysanthemum cold response. Specifically, the content of cyanidin and pelargonidin derivatives and the expression of anthocyanin biosynthesis genes significantly increases in XHBF, providing a reasonable explanation for the change in petal color from white to purple under the low temperature. Six candidate UDP-glycosyltransferase genes involved in the glycosylation of flavonoids were identified through correlation networks and phylogenetic analysis. CmNAC1, CmbZIP3, and other transcription factors potentially regulating flavonoid metabolism and responding to low temperatures were discovered by correlation analysis and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). In conclusion, this study elucidated the specific response of flavonoids to low temperatures in Chrysanthemums, providing valuable insights and metabolic data for investigating cold tolerance.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    菊花,一种广受青睐的花茶,含有许多对健康有益的植物化学物质。由于地理起源和加工工艺的不同,其品种对植物化学成分含量和药理作用有直接影响。因此,菊花品种的准确鉴定对质量检测和市场监管具有重要意义。在这项研究中,利用高光谱成像(HSI)结合化学计量学方法对菊花品种进行鉴定。首先,为了缓解传统光谱变量选择方法容易陷入局部最优的问题,开发了多任务粒子群优化(MTPSO),通过将数百个变量划分为低维子任务来选择关键波长。第二,为了丰富特征信息,首次提取了高光谱图像中包含的空间纹理和颜色特征,并将其应用于菊花识别。最后,集成学习模型,极端梯度提升(XGBoost),由于菊花具有较强的泛化能力,因此被构造为进行菊花品种分类。实验结果表明,所提出的MTPSO实现了96.89%的辨识精度,比经典光谱特征选择方法提高了1.11-5.91%。此外,空间图像信息介入后,使用空间光谱特征的分类精度进一步提高,达到98.39%。总的来说,这项研究强调了关键波长和空间信息的特征融合对于菊花品种识别更有效,也可以为其他HSI相关应用提供技术参考。
    Chrysanthemum, a widely favored flower tea, contains numerous phytochemicals for health benefits. Due to the different geographical origins and processing technics, its variety has a direct influence on the phytochemical content and pharmacological effect. Accordingly, an accurate identification for chrysanthemum varieties is significant for quality detection and market supervision. In this study, the hyperspectral imaging (HSI) combined with chemometrics methods was exploited to identify the chrysanthemum varieties. First, to alleviate the problem of easily trapping into local optimum in traditional spectral variable selection methods, the multi-tasking particle swarm optimization (MTPSO) was developed to select the key wavelengths by dividing hundreds of variables into low-dimensional subtasks. Second, to enrich the feature information, the spatial texture and color features contained in hyperspectral images were extracted and applied to chrysanthemum identification for the first time. Finally, an ensemble learning model, extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), was constructed to conduct the chrysanthemum variety classification due to its strong generalization ability. Experimental results showed that the proposed MTPSO achieved the identification accuracy of 96.89%, and increased by 1.11-5.91% than classical spectral feature selection methods. Furthermore, after the involvement of spatial image information, the classification accuracy using spatial-spectral features was improved further, and reached 98.39%. Overall, this study highlights that the feature fusion of key wavelengths and spatial information is more effective for chrysanthemum variety identification, and can also provide technical reference for other HSI-related applications.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    菊花是世界上最受欢迎的切花,它们的颜色是一个关键的装饰特征。这些颜色的形成会受到高温的影响。然而,高温胁迫下控制菊花颜色褪色的调控机制尚不清楚。本研究调查了高温对紫菊颜色和生化反应的影响。四个紫色菊花品种暴露于常温和高温条件下。高温胁迫在紫菊品种中引起了不同的响应。\'紫凤车\'和\'ChrystalRegal\'保持颜色稳定性,而“子红拓”和“子连”表现出明显的褪色,特别是在早期开花阶段。这种褪色与酶活性降低有关,特别是查尔酮异构酶(CHI),二氢黄酮醇4-还原酶(DFR),和花青素合成酶(ANS),表明在热应激下颜色发展的关键时期。此外,紫连的褪色与过氧化物酶(POD)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性的增加密切相关。相反,β-葡萄糖苷酶(βG)活性的降低可能对“子风车”的颜色稳定性有很大贡献。基因Cse_sc027584.1_g010.1(PPO)和Cse_sc031727.1_g010.1(POD)可能有助于高温条件下\'紫红拓\'和\'紫莲\'花瓣中花青素的降解,同时在开花早期保持“紫风车”和“水晶富豪”中花色苷的稳定性。这项研究的发现为菊花花色响应高温胁迫的生理生化机制提供了新的见解。
    Chrysanthemums are among the world\'s most popular cut flowers, with their color being a key ornamental feature. The formation of these colors can be influenced by high temperatures. However, the regulatory mechanisms that control the fading of chrysanthemum flower color under high-temperature stress remain unclear. This study investigates the impact of high temperatures on the color and biochemical responses of purple chrysanthemums. Four purple chrysanthemum varieties were exposed to both normal and elevated temperature conditions. High-temperature stress elicited distinct responses among the purple chrysanthemum varieties. \'Zi Feng Che\' and \'Chrystal Regal\' maintained color stability, whereas \'Zi Hong Tuo Gui\' and \'Zi lian\' exhibited significant color fading, particularly during early bloom stages. This fading was associated with decreased enzymatic activities, specifically of chalcone isomerase (CHI), dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR), and anthocyanidin synthase (ANS), indicating a critical period of color development under heat stress. Additionally, the color fading of \'Zi Lian\' was closely related to the increased activity of the peroxidase (POD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO). Conversely, a reduction in β-glucosidase (βG) activity may contribute significantly to the color steadfastness of \'Zi Feng Che\'. The genes Cse_sc027584.1_g010.1 (PPO) and Cse_sc031727.1_g010.1 (POD) might contribute to the degradation of anthocyanins in the petals of \'Zi Hong Tuo Gui\' and \'Zi Lian\' under high-temperature conditions, while simultaneously maintaining the stability of anthocyanins in \'Zi Feng Che\' and \'Chrystal Regal\' at the early bloom floral stage. The findings of this research provide new insights into the physiological and biochemical mechanisms by which chrysanthemum flower color responds to high-temperature stress.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    背景:野菊花(FCI),菊花的花,是一种在中国流行的治疗炎症性疾病的中药(TCM)。FCI也是一种功能性食品,并被广泛用作清热解毒的凉茶。
    目的:基于最佳采收期,探索FCI的质量控制标记。
    方法:首先,基于UPLC-Q-TOF/MS的非靶向代谢组学应用于探索在芽阶段(BS)收集的FCI的化学概况,初始阶段(IS),中国八个耕地的盛开阶段(FS)和最终阶段(ES)。随后,脂多糖(LPS)诱导的RAW264.7细胞炎症模型和角叉菜胶诱导的大鼠爪水肿模型用于证实在IS/FS收集的FCI的抗炎作用。然后,采用UPLC-PDA靶向代谢组学方法对开花期9种具有抗炎活性的成分(7种黄酮类化合物和2种酚酸)进行定量分析(VIP>4)。最后,根据不同开花期FCI中9种活性成分的变化,将ROC曲线结合PCA分析用于筛选FCI的质量标记。
    结果:IS/FS处的FCI具有几乎相同的化学特性,但与BS和ES的完全不同。在开花发育过程中,FCI中共有32种成分发生了变化,包括类黄酮和酚酸。与ES相比,IS/FS下大多数不同成分的含量最高或更高,表明FCI的最佳收获期应为IS/FS。FCI提取物可以有效抑制LPS诱导的RAW264.7细胞中一氧化氮(NO)的产生,并调节角叉菜胶诱导的爪水肿模型大鼠细胞因子和PGE2的异常水平。定量分析结果表明,在开花发育过程中,FCI中酚酸和黄酮的变化趋势不同,但在从八个栽培区收集的所有FCI中,大多数在IS/FS的含量高于ES的含量,除了TC,安徽。最后,linarin,木犀草素,根据其AUC值在ROC中的贡献和PCA分析的聚类,选择芹菜素和3,5-二咖啡酰基奎尼酸作为Q标记。
    结论:我们的研究证明了FCI的最佳收获期,并根据生长进程对活性成分的影响,使用非靶向/靶向代谢组学确定了FCI的多成分Q标记。研究结果不仅大大提高了FCI资源的利用率,提高了FCI产品的质量控制,而且还提供了新的策略来识别FCI的Q标记。
    BACKGROUND: Flos Chrysanthemi Indici (FCI), the flower of Chrysanthemum Indicum L., is a popular traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for treatment of inflammatory diseases in China. FCI is also a functional food, and is widely used as herbal tea for clearing heat and detoxicating.
    OBJECTIVE: To explore quality control markers of FCI based on the optimal harvest period.
    METHODS: First, UPLC-Q-TOF/MS based untargeted metabolomics was applied to explore the chemical profiles of FCIs collected at bud stages (BS), initial stages (IS), full bloom stages (FS) and eventual stages (ES) from eight cultivated regions in China. Subsequently, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 cell inflammatory model and carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model were used to confirm the anti-inflammatory effect of FCIs collected at IS/FS. Then, UPLC-PDA targeted metabolomics was used to quantitatively analyze 9 constituents with anti-inflammatory activity (7 flavonoids and 2 phenolic acids) changed significantly (VIP > 4) during flowering stages. Finally, ROC curves combined with PCA analysis based on the variation of 9 active constituents in FCIs from different flowering stages were applied to screen the quality markers of FCI.
    RESULTS: FCIs at IS/FS had almost same chemical characteristics, but quite different from those at BS and ES. A total of 32 constituents in FCIs including flavonoids and phenolic acids were changed during flowering development. Most of the varied constituents had the highest or higher contents at IS/FS compared with those at ES, indicating that the optimal harvest period of FCI should be at IS/FS. FCI extract could effectively suppress nitric oxide (NO) production in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells and regulate the abnormal levels of cytokines and PGE2 in carrageenan-induced paw edema model rat. The results of quantitatively analysis revealed that the variation trends of phenolic acids and flavonoids in FCIs were different during flowering development, but most of them had higher contents at IS/FS than those at ES in all FCIs collected from eight cultivated regions, except one sample from Anhui. Finally, linarin, luteolin, apigenin and 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid were selected as the Q-markers based on the contribution of their AUC values in ROC and clustering of PCA analysis.
    CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates the optimal harvest period of FCI and specifies the multi-constituents Q-markers of FCI based on the influence of growth progression on the active constituents using untargeted/targeted metabolomics. The findings not only greatly increase the utilization rate of FCI resources and improve quality control of FCI products, but also offer new strategy to identify the Q-markers of FCI.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    贡菊(GJ)的主要生物可利用酚类物质及其对肝脏保护的机制尚不清楚。为了选择具有高生物利用度的GJ酚类物质,使用菊花消化和Caco-2细胞,并使用AML-12细胞检查其肝脏保护潜力。主要酚类化合物的消化恢复和小肠转运率分别为28.52%~69.53%和6.57%~15.50%,分别。其中,绿原酸,3,5-二咖啡酰基奎尼酸,和1,5-二咖啡酰基奎尼酸,显示出较高的小肠转运率和消化恢复率。此外,我们发现,通过增加细胞内过氧化氢酶(CAT)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活力和降低丙二醛(MDA)水平(P<0.05),3,5-二咖啡酰基奎尼酸比其他两种酚类更能显著减轻AML-12肝细胞的氧化损伤。我们的结果表明,3,5-二咖啡酰基喹啉酸是主要的酚类化合物在GJ,有效地减少肝损伤,为开发GJ作为保肝饮食的潜在有用资源提供了理论依据。
    The main bioavailable phenolics from of Gongju (GJ) and their mechanism for hepato-protection remain unclear. To select the GJ phenolics with high bioavailability, chrysanthemum digestion and Caco-2 cells were used and their hepato-protective potential were examined by using AML-12 cells. The digestive recovery and small intestinal transit rate of the main phenolic compounds ranged from 28.52 to 69.53% and 6.57% ∼ 15.50%, respectively. Among them, chlorogenic acid, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, and 1,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, showed higher small intestinal transit rates and digestive recoveries. Furthermore, we found that by increasing intracellular Catalase (CAT) and Superoxide dismutase (SOD) viability and lowering Malondialdehyde (MDA) level (P < 0.05), 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid significantly mitigated the oxidative damage of AML-12 liver cells more than the other two phenolics. Our results demonstrated that 3,5-dicaffeoylquninic acid was the primary phenolic compounds in GJ that effectively reduced liver damage, providing a theoretical basis for the development of GJ as a potentially useful resource for hepatoprotective diet.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    枝花是一种重要的切花,在花卉养殖业中具有很高的经济意义。广花石竹稳定高产基因型的鉴定,因此,对于确保其全年生产至关重要。在这种情况下,研究了环境互作效应对6个试验环境中22个菊花杂种的基因型。该实验使用随机完全块设计进行,重复3次,持续6年,并评估了各种农业形态和产量贡献性状的数据。我们的分析显示,由于环境原因,所有检查性状的环境相互作用变异的基因型和基因型。使用前两个主成分构建的2DGGE双plot,通过环境相互作用计算基因型差异的59.2%和23.3%,每株植物的花卉产量。GGE双图谱确定了两种表现最好的基因型,G2和G5,而AMMI模型强调基因型G17,G15,G6,G5和G2是表现最好的。基因型G17在多个性状中排名最高,而G2在所有环境中显示出较高的平均花卉产量以及稳定性。根据AEC线,基因型G2和G5表现出异常的稳定性,而基因型G4,G18和G19表现出较低的稳定性,但保持了较高的平均产量。因此,我们的发现为菊花杂交种提供了宝贵的见解,这些杂交种不仅表现最佳,而且有望满足切花行业的种植者需求,并可推荐用于大规模商业种植。
    Dendranthema grandiflora is an important cut flower with high economic importance in the floriculture industry. Identification of stable and high yielding genotypes of Dendranthema grandiflora, hence becomes paramount for ensuring its year-round production. In this context, the genotype by environment interaction effects on 22 chrysanthemum hybrids across six test environments were investigated. The experiment was conducted using Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications for 6 years and data on various agro-morphological and yield-contributing traits were evaluated. Our analysis revealed significant mean sum of squares due to environmental, genotypic and genotype by environment interaction variations for all examined traits. A 2D GGE biplot constructed using first two principal components computed as 59.2% and 23.3% of the differences in genotype by environment interaction for flower yield per plant. The GGE biplot identified two top-performing genotypes, G2 and G5, while the AMMI model highlighted genotypes G17, G15, G6, G5, and G2 as the best performers. Genotype G17 ranked highest for multiple traits, while G2 displayed high mean flower yield as well as stability across all environments. According to AEC line, genotypes G2 and G5 exhibited exceptional stability, whereas genotypes G4, G18 and G19 demonstrated lower stability but maintained high average flower yields. Hence, our findings provide valuable insights into chrysanthemum hybrids that were not only best performing but also hold promise to meet the growers demand of the cut flower industry and can be recommended for large scale commercial cultivation.
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