OBJECTIVE: Given the potential role of light and its wavelength on ocular growth, this study investigated the effect of short-term exposure to red, cyan and blue light on ocular biometry in humans.
METHODS: Forty-four young adults and 20 children, comprising emmetropes and myopes, underwent 2-h sessions of cyan (507 nm), red (638 nm) and broadband white light on three separate days via light-emitting glasses. Additionally, young adults were exposed to blue light (454 nm) on an additional day. Axial length (AL) and choroidal thickness (CT) were measured in the right eye before the light exposure (0 min), after 60 and 120 min of exposure and 30 min after light offset using an optical biometer and optical coherence tomographer, respectively.
RESULTS: Compared to broadband light, exposure to red light resulted in a significant increase in AL (mean difference between white and red light at 120 min, +0.007 mm [0.002]), but no significant change in CT, while cyan light caused a significant AL reduction (-0.010 mm [0.003]) and choroidal thickening (+0.008 mm [0.002]) in young adults (p < 0.05). Blue light caused a significant decrease of -0.007 mm (0.002) in young adult eyes at 60 min (p < 0.05). In children, cyan light led to a significant reduction in AL (-0.016 mm [0.004]) and strong sustained choroidal thickening (+0.014 mm [0.004]) compared to broadband light at 120 min (p < 0.05). The effects of cyan light on AL and CT were found to be stronger in myopic young adults and emmetropic children. The opposing effects of red and cyan light on ocular biometry were similar between the two age groups (p > 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS: Exposure to cyan light resulted in AL reduction and choroidal thickening in both young adults and children. Further research is needed to determine the application of these results in developing interventions for myopia control.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate longitudinal changes in choroidal thickness (CT) and ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer thickness (GC-IPLT) across distinct phenotypes of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients.
METHODS: Prospective observational cohort study.
METHODS: T2DM patients were categorized into five groups (SAID, SIDD, SIRD, MOD, and MARD) using K-means clustering based on β-cell function and insulin resistance. Swept-source optical coherence tomography measured baseline and 4-year follow-up CT and GC-IPLT. Linear mixed-effects models assessed absolute and relative changes in CT and GC-IPLT across subtypes.
RESULTS: Over a median 4.11-year follow-up, CT and GC-IPLT decreased significantly across all groups. Choroidal thinning rates were most pronounced in SIDD (-6.5±0.53 µm/year and -3.5±0.24%/year) and SAID (-6.27±0.8 µm/year and -3.19±0.37%/year), while MARD showed the slowest thinning (-3.63±0.34 µm/year and -1.98±0.25%/year). SIRD exhibited the greatest GC-IPLT loss (-0.66±0.05 µm/year and -0.91±0.07%/year), with the least in SIDD (-0.36±0.05 µm/year and -0.49±0.07%/year), all statistically significant (Ps < 0.001). Adjusted for variables, SIDD and SAID groups showed faster CT thinning than MARD [-2.57 µm/year (95% CI: -4.16 to -0.97; P=0.002) and -2.89 µm/year (95% CI: -4.12 to -1.66; P<0.001), respectively]. GC-IPLT thinning was notably accelerated in SIRD versus MARD, but slowed in SIDD relative to MARD [differences of -0.16 µm/year (95% CI: -0.3 to -0.03; P=0.015) and 0.15 µm/year (95% CI: 0.03 to 0.27; P=0.015), respectively]. Stratified analysis revealed significant differences among non-DR groups.
CONCLUSIONS: Microvascular damage in the choroid is associated with SIDD patients, whereas early signs of retinal neurodegeneration are evident in SIRD patients. All these changes may precede the onset of DR.

UNASSIGNED: Expanding practitioner knowledge regarding potential changes in ocular structure of keratoconic eyes will improve the eye care practice and patient management.
UNASSIGNED: This study aimed to compare the difference in choroidal thickness between keratoconus patients and two control groups of myopic-astigmatism and emmetropic subjects.
UNASSIGNED: A case-control study was undertaken which included 50 patients with keratoconus, 50 with myopic-astigmatism, 30 with emmetropia aged between 18 and 39 years. Choroidal thickness was measured at three different locations, including the subfoveal, nasal, and temporal (750 micrometres) to the fovea, using a spectral-domain optical coherence tomography with an enhanced depth imaging technique.
UNASSIGNED: The mean spherical equivalents were 0.03 ± 0.05, -3.00 ± 0.2, and -3.00 ± 0.3 dioptre in emmetropic, myopic-astigmatism and keratoconus subjects, respectively. The choroid was significantly thicker in keratoconus patients than in myopic-astigmatism and emmetropic subjects in the subfoveal (396 ± 14, 314 ± 12, and 320 ± 18 μm, respectively, p < 0.001), temporal (405 ± 14, 317 ± 12, and 328 ± 19 μm, respectively, p < 0.001) and nasal (376 ± 14, 285 ± 12, and 311 ± 18 μm, respectively; p < 0.001).
UNASSIGNED: Choroidal thickness is increased in keratoconus. The exact mechanism for choroidal thickening in individuals with keratoconus is unknown, but inflammatory responses could be the reason.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of latanoprost on choroidal thickness in patients with newly diagnosed primary open-angle glaucoma using Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography (SS-OCT).
METHODS: The retrospective, non-randomized study comprised 40 newly diagnosed primary open-angle glaucoma patients receiving latanoprost therapy (Group 1). Additionally, 40 age- and sex-matched healthy subjects served as the control group (Group 2). Using SS-OCT, measurements of subfoveal, horizontal temporal, and horizontal nasal quadrants choroidal thickness, as well as intraocular pressure (IOP) and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness values, were collected at baseline and after 1 month for both groups.
RESULTS: The mean age was 39.8±4.15 years (range: 18-45 years) in group 1 and 41.67±7.95 years (range: 18-45 years) in group 2 (p>0.05). The mean choroidal thickness in the subfoveal area, horizontal temporal quadrant, and horizontal nasal quadrant prior to latanoprost therapy were 263.57±84.23 μm, 233.05±80.08 μm, and 219.52±83.28 μm in the group 1 whereas 278.9±93.88 μm, 243.8±73.37 μm and 209.85±92.92 μm in the group 2. After latanoprost therapy, the mean choroidal thickness in the subfoveal area, horizontal temporal quadrant, and horizontal nasal quadrant changed significantly to 299.77±41.29 μm, 269.9±43.80 μm, and 261.32±45.60 μm in the group 1 (p=0.02, p=0.016, and p=0.012, respectively) (Table 1). However, the mean choroidal thickness in the subfoveal area, horizontal temporal quadrant and horizontal nasal quadrant in group 2 changed not significant and was 279.25±103.37 μm, 246.42±87.07 μm and 203.62±106.74 μm, respectively (p=0.4, p=0.5 and p=0.9, respectively). The mean IOP decreased significantly in group 1 (p=0.000) but did not change significantly in group 2 (p=0.153). There was no difference in RNFL thickness values at baseline and 1 st month in group 1 and group 2 (p>0.05).
CONCLUSIONS: Topical latanoprost may increase choroidal thickness. Swept Source-OCT may contribute to our understanding of the actions of latanoprost on choroidal thickness.

UNASSIGNED: To report longitudinal changes in choroidal thickness and the choroidal vasculature using SS-OCT imaging in a patient with superior ophthalmic vein thrombosis (SOVT).
UNASSIGNED: In a 93-year-old woman with a left-sided SOVT, the choroid in the left eye was thickened and the choroidal vessels were dilated both superiorly and inferiorly, with greater changes evident in the inferotemporal region of the choroid. After the superior ophthalmic vein was decompressed, a decrease in the choroidal thickness and choroidal vessel dilatation was observed both superiorly and inferiorly.
UNASSIGNED: In an eye with thrombosis of the superior ophthalmic vein, longitudinal SS-OCT choroidal imaging showed a greater increase in choroidal thickness and choroidal vessel dilation away from the obstructed quadrant, which improved after treatment. These observations associated with outflow obstruction may be applicable to other choroidal diseases characterized by venous overload.

UNASSIGNED: This study aimed to determine the changes in choroidal thickness induced by pioglitazone in diabetic patients.
UNASSIGNED: A total of 261 patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes who had taken oral pioglitazone for more than 6 months were included in the study. After excluding patients who did not undergo regular eye examinations or who had ophthalmic surgery/interventions during the treatment period, a total of 40 eyes were included. The study examined the duration and dosage of pioglitazone, patient age, ocular axial length, refraction, glycated hemoglobin, systolic blood pressure, corrected visual acuity, macular thickness, choroidal thickness, and choroid vascular index. Patients were categorized into a high dose group if their pioglitazone dose was 30mg or more per day, and a low dose group if it was 15mg or less. Choroidal thickness was measured below the subfovea and a 500 µm radius nasal and temporal to that location.
UNASSIGNED: Choroidal thickness significantly increased after 6 and 12 months of pioglitazone in all subjects (6.70µm, 13.65µm, each). When stratified by pioglitazone dosage, choroidal thickness increased at 6 and 12 months in both the high (4.48µm, 0.84µm, each) and low dose groups (6.85µm, 21.45µm, each), with a greater change observed in low dose group (p<0.05, respectively). Based on the location of choroidal thickness measurements, a significant increase in choroidal thickness was observed at 6 and 12 months of pioglitazone treatment in the subfoveal (7.00µm, 13.15µm, each) and nasal regions (6.43µm, 19.24µm, each), while a significant increase was only observed after 6 months of treatment in the temporal region (8.53µm) (p<0.05, respectively). The largest increase in choroidal thickness was observed in the nasal side.
UNASSIGNED: This study found that choroidal thickness increased in diabetic patients after taking pioglitazone. Regular eye examinations are recommended for diabetic patients who are on pioglitazone.

UNASSIGNED: To reveal changes in choroidal thickness, retinal vessel density, and serum HIF-1α and TNF-α levels in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) and their correlation.
UNASSIGNED: This prospective case-control study included 118 patients divided into mild-to-moderate OSAS (n = 40), severe OSAS (n = 39), and a control group (n = 39). Choroidal thickness was evaluated with OCT, vessel density with OCTA, AHI index with polysomnography, and serum HIF-1α and TNF-α levels were analyzed using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
UNASSIGNED: The serum HIF-1α values of the participants in the mild-moderate OSAS and severe OSAS groups were [893.25(406.7-2068) and 1027(453-2527), respectively], and were both significantly higher than the control group [(521.5(231.6-2741))] (p < 0.001). Serum TNF-α levels did not differ significantly between the groups (p = 0.051).). Subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) values of the severe OSAS groups were significantly lower than the control group (p < 0.05). The superficial and deep capillary plexus vascular density (SVD and DVD) values of the severe OSAS group were lower than the control group (p < 0.05). Serum HIF-1α and TNF-α levels of all participants were negatively correlated with both their SVD values (p < 0.05, r: -0.220 and p < 0.05, r: -0.252, respectively) and their DVD values (p < 0.001, r: -0.324 and p = 0.001, r: -0.299, respectively).
UNASSIGNED: Increased serum levels of inflammatory mediators (HIF-1α ve TNF-α) in OSAS cause a decrease in SFCT, SVD, and DVD, which is an indication of systemic vascular damage. Further research on developing treatment strategies to modulate TNF-α ve HIF-1α may help recede vascular morbidity in OSAS patients.

BACKGROUND: Considering that changes in the choroidal thickness are closely related to ocular growth, we studied the choroidal thickness (CT) and the blood flow features in children with unilateral myopic anisometropia (UMA) as well as investigating the relationship between choroidal changes and myopia.
METHODS: Subjective refractive, axial length (AL), and biometric parameters were measured in 98 UMA children (age: 8-15 years). CT and choroidal blood-flow features, including the choroidal vessel volume (CVV), choroidal vascularity index (CVI), and choriocapillaris perfusion area (CCPA), were measured through swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography. The macular region was categorized into four concentric circles of diameters 0-1 mm (central fovea), 1-3 mm (parafovea), 3-6 mm (perifovea), and 6-9 mm (extended), and further categorized into superior (S), inferior (I), temporal (T), and nasal (N) quadrants.
RESULTS: The aforementioned four regions of myopic eyes displayed significantly lower CT, CVV, and CVI than those of non-myopic eyes. CCPA changes differed across different regions of both the eyes (parts of N and T quadrants). There was an inverse association between CT and the interocular AL difference (central and other regions S, T quadrant). No correlation was noted between CVV and CVI with interocular AL difference. CT and CVV were positively correlated in the 0-6-mm macular region of myopic eyes (Spearman correlation coefficient = 0.763, P < 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS: In UMA children, CCT and blood flow may be related to myopia progression. A robust correlation between CT and CVV in the 0-6-mm macular region and reduced CT and diminished blood flow indicated an association with myopia.

暂无摘要。

High myopia can lead to pathologic myopia and visual impairment, whereas its causes are unclear. We retrospectively researched high myopia cases from patient records to investigate the association between axial elongation and myopic maculopathy. Sixty-four eyes were examined in patients who visited the department between July 2017 and June 2018, had an axial length of 26 mm or more, underwent fundus photography, and had their axial length measured twice or more. The average axial length was 28.29 ± 1.69 mm (mean ± standard deviation). The average age was 58.3 ± 14.4 years old. Myopic maculopathy was categorized as mild (grades 0 and 1) and severe (grades 2, 3, and 4). The severe group had longer axial lengths than the mild group (P < 0.05). Moreover, the severe group exhibited thinner choroidal thickness than the mild group (P < 0.05). When subjects were grouped by axial elongation over median value within a year, the elongation group showed thinner central choroidal thickness than the non-elongation group (142.1 ± 91.9 vs. 82.9 ± 69.8, P < 0.05). In conclusion, in patients with high myopia, the severity of maculopathy correlated with choroidal thickness and axial length. Thinner choroidal thickness was associated with axial elongation based on the baseline axial length.