The gradually progressive solitary cystic-solid mass of chest CT scans is highly suggestive of lung cancer. We report a case of a 29-year-old woman with a persistent cystic-solid lesion in the right upper lobe. A chest CT scan showed a 35 mm × 44 mm × 51 mm focal cystic-solid mass in the anterior segment of the right upper lobe. The size of lesion had increased over 3 years, especially for the solid component. The right upper lobe pneumonectomy was performed. Postoperative pathological examination showed placental transmogrification of the lung, which is a rare cause of pulmonary cystic lesion.

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Objective: To investigate the clinicopathological and genetic characteristics of neuromuscular choristoma-associated desmoid type fibromatosis (NMC-DF). Methods: The clinical morphological and immunohistochemical features of 7 NMC-DF cases diagnosed from January 2013 to January 2023 in Beijing Jishuitan Hospital were retrospectively analyzed. A series of neuromuscular choristoma and neuromuscular choristoma-associated desmoid type fibromatosis were evaluated for CTNNB1 mutations, and hotspot mutations for CTNNB1 were tested in 4 NMC-DF cases using Sanger sequencing. Results: The tumors were collected from 3 females and 4 males, aged 1 to 22 years (mean 7.1 years), involving the sciatic nerve (n=4), brachial plexus (n=2) or multiple nerves (n=1). The course of the disease spanned from 3 months to 10 years. Two cases were recurrent tumors. All the 7 NMC cases showed endoneurial intercalation of mature skeletal muscle fibers among the peripheral nerve fascicles, and the histologic features of the NMC-DF were strikingly similar to the conventional desmoid-type fibromatosis. By immunohistochemistry, all NMC and NMC-DF cases showed aberrant nuclear staining of β-catenin (7/7), the muscle cells in NMC were intensely immunoreactive for desmin, and the admixed nerve fibers were highlighted by NF and S-100 (7/7). Four NMC and NMC-DF had CTNNB1 mutations, 3 c.121A>G (p.T41A) and 1 c.134C>T (p.S45F). Follow-up of the 7 cases, ranging from 22 to 78 months, showed tumor recurrence in 2 patients at 3 and 8 months respectively after the first surgical resection, of which 1 patient underwent above-knee amputation. No recurrence occurred in other cases with tumor excision and neurological reconstruction surgery. There was no metastasis occurred in the 7 cases. Conclusions: NMC is a rare congenital lesion with differentiated mature skeletal muscle tissue found in peripheral nerve fascicles, and approximately 80% of patients with NMC develop a soft tissue fibromatosis. CTNNB1 mutation in the Wnt signaling pathway may be involved in the pathogenesis of NMC and NMC-DF, and S45F mutations seems to have a higher risk of disease progression.
目的： 探讨神经肌肉迷芽瘤相关的韧带样型纤维瘤病（neuromuscular choristoma-associated desmoid type fibromatosis，NMC-DF）临床病理及分子遗传学特征。 方法： 收集北京积水潭医院2013年1月至2023年1月明确诊断为NMC-DF的病例7例，对其临床、组织形态及免疫组织化学特点进行回顾性分析，采用Sanger测序法对4例患者的神经肌肉迷芽瘤（neuromuscular choristoma，NMC）及韧带样型纤维瘤病（desmoid type fibromatosis，DF）标本分别进行检测，明确CTNNB1基因的突变类型。 结果： 7例患者中女性3例，男性4例，年龄1~22岁，平均年龄7.1岁。病程3个月到10年不等。2例为复发后就诊病例。肿瘤位于大腿3例，小腿1例，上臂1例，颈部1例，影像学提示7例肿瘤均有相应部位神经增粗，4例为坐骨神经，1例为坐骨神经、胫神经、腓总神经全程瘤样增粗，2例为臂从神经，肿瘤与病变神经关系密切。7例病变的神经束内可见骨骼肌纤维，残存的神经纤维穿插其中，呈神经肌肉迷芽瘤的结构；肿瘤均具有典型的韧带样型纤维瘤病结构。免疫组织化学，NMC中部分肌纤维细胞核表达β-catenin（7/7），肌纤维结蛋白弥漫阳性，神经纤维神经丝蛋白和S-100蛋白阳性（7/7）；NMC-DF中β-catenin在肿瘤细胞核中呈散在阳性（7/7）。CTNNB1基因Sanger测序，3例c.121A>G（p.T41A）突变，1例c.134C>T（p.S45F）突变。7例获得随访资料，随访时间22~78个月，2例为复发后就诊，其中1例截肢后再次复发，其余无进展。 结论： NMC是一种罕见的神经发育畸形性病变，神经干内可见异位的骨骼肌纤维，约80%的病例在病变神经周围软组织内伴发DF，组织形态与经典的DF相同，Wnt信号通路中的CTNNB1基因突变与二者的发生发展密切相关，CTNNB1 c.134C>T（p.S45F）突变可能提示不良预后。.

A 23-year-old female symptomatic with unilateral proptosis with superior globe displacement and hypertropia was found to have a multiloculated cystic lesion with bony lining arising from the inferomedial orbit. The adjacent maxillary sinus was markedly smaller on the affected side, with no defect of the wall on radiographic or intraoperative examination. Surgical excision and histological analysis of the lesion demonstrated an orbital respiratory epithelial cyst. A literature review of congenital orbital respiratory epithelial cysts is presented. To our knowledge, this is the first published case of choristomatous orbital respiratory epithelial cyst associated with ossification, and a primary or secondary anomaly of the adjacent sinus without bony defect.

Ectopic goitre, presenting as an isolated thoracic mass without connection to the main thyroid gland enlargement, is a rare occurrence. We describe a case where a patient reported persistent dry cough and back pain for 1 year, along with throat discomfort unresponsive to medication. A 2×1 cm swelling was noted over the right anterior aspect of the neck. Extensive evaluation, including chest X-rays and contrast-enhanced CT of the thorax, revealed a mediastinal mass suggestive of an ectopic thyroid.This case presents a distinctive scenario involving the simultaneous presence of ectopic mediastinal and cervical thyroid lesions. Both were effectively managed using a minimally invasive approach, combining video-assisted thoracic surgery for the excision of the mediastinal mass and a bilateral axillo-breast approach for the cervical lesion in a single procedure. This approach yielded minimal morbidity, aesthetically pleasing outcomes and rapid recovery. Remarkably, such a case has not been previously documented in the available literature.

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Thymoma is a rare malignancy with usual location in the antero-superior mediastinum. Ectopic cervical thymoma (ECT) is an extremely rare tumor that originates from ectopic tissue, and is caused by the aberrant migration of the embryonic thymus. Our patient was a 56-year-old man who had a nodular lesion in the neck for several years. Computed tomography and Enhanced magnetic resonance imaging were performed. He underwent surgery, and a histological examination resulted in a diagnosis of type AB thymoma.

The study aims to summarize the clinical characteristics of patients with ectopic gastric mucosa in the small intestine, comparing clinical presentation differences between domestic and foreign patients through literature review. The clinical characteristics of cases diagnosed with ectopic gastric mucosa in the small intestine at Peking Union Medical College Hospital from January 2000 to January 2024 were retrospectively analyzed. By searching databanks, such as PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, Wanfang, VIP, CNKI, and etc (the inclusion period was from the establishment of the database to January 1, 2024). The literature review was conducted on ectopic gastric mucosa in the small intestine. A total of 10 cases were included, all male, age [M (Q1, Q3)] was 27 (13-69) years old. Gastrointestinal bleeding was the first manifestation in most cases, with severe cases leading to hemorrhagic shock. Abdominal CT indicated local intestinal wall thickening and luminal narrowing in 3 cases. Four cases lesions were located at the beginning of the jejunum and 6 lesions were located in the end segment of ileum. All cases underwent local lesion resection, with postoperative pathology confirming ectopic gastric mucosa. Symptoms disappeared postoperatively, with a follow-up period of 0.5-3.0 years. Literature review indicates that the main clinical manifestation of gastric mucosa ectopia in the small intestine in China is gastrointestinal bleeding, while foreign patients are often complicated with intestinal duplication and intussusception, with abdominal pain and vomiting as the primary and main symptoms. The occurrence rate of intestinal obstruction in female patients, both domestically and abroad, is higher than that in male patients. The occurrence rate of ileal lesions with intestinal obstruction and small intestinal duplication is higher than that of duodenal lesions in both domestic and foreign patients. Local small intestine resection is an effective treatment method with generally good prognosis. Ectopic small intestinal mucosa is relatively rare, with symptoms of gastrointestinal bleeding and intestinal obstruction being common presentations, which can serve as one of the differential diagnoses for unexplained gastrointestinal bleeding.
总结小肠胃黏膜异位患者的临床表现，并通过文献复习比较国内外患者的临床表现差异。回顾性分析北京协和医院自2000年1月至2024年1月确诊为小肠胃黏膜异位的病例的临床特征。通过检索Pubmed、EMBASE、the Cochrane Library、万方、维普、知网等数据库；纳入时间为自数据库建库至2024年1月1日，对小肠胃黏膜异位进行文献复习。共纳入10例患者，均为男性，年龄［M（Q1，Q3）］为27（13~69）岁。病例多以消化道出血为首发表现，严重者出现失血性休克。腹部CT提示3例患者局部小肠壁增厚及肠腔狭窄。4例病变位于空肠起始段，6例位于回肠末段。所有病例均接受了局部病变切除术，术后病理证实为小肠胃黏膜异位。术后所有患者症状均消失，随访时间为0.5~3.0年。文献复习提示我国小肠胃黏膜异位临床主要表现为消化道出血；而国外患者多合并肠道重复畸形，并引发肠套叠，临床多以腹痛、呕吐为首发及主要表现。国内外女性患者肠梗阻发生率均高于男性；国内外患者回肠病变肠梗阻及合并小肠重复畸形的发生率高于空肠病变。局部小肠切除术是有效治疗方式，多预后良好。小肠胃黏膜异位较为罕见，消化道出血及肠梗阻症状为常见表现，可作为不明原因消化道出血的鉴别病因之一。.

BACKGROUND: Choristoma is a well-defined benign lesion formed by histologically normal tissue in an unusual location. Diagnosis is confirmed after surgical removal of the mass. To our knowledge, to date there has been only one case of thyroid choristoma described in the literature.
METHODS: A 70-year-old man with a history of non-Hodgkin lymphoma presented with sudden cervical enlargement. Cervical CT scan showed a 47mm hypodense nodule on the right thyroid lobe. Fine-needle aspiration revealed follicular lesion of undetermined significance. During the following weeks there was noticeable thyroid enlargement. Reassessment with thyroid ultrasound showed a 73mm nodule. The patient underwent total thyroidectomy. Histopathological examination revealed a choristoma composed of squamous epithelium lined cysts, smooth muscle, adipose tissue, connective tissue, foci of ossification and extramedullary hematopoiesis. No cytological atypia or tumoral necrosis were found. Thyroid choristomas are an exceedingly rare cause of a thyroid nodule.