Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is the most prevalent cause of hypercalcaemia, affecting 0.3% of the population. The only curative procedure is parathyroidectomy. Ectopic adenomas are challenging to localize and frequently result in persistent PHPT. This is a case report of a 29-year-old male patient who was diagnosed with PHPT prior to neck surgery and reoperated with bilateral neck exploration. However, the PHPT was not cured, until diagnostic CT with contrast had helped localizing a 1 cm ectopic parathyroid adenoma in the right horn of the thymus gland. The adenoma was then removed successfully.

Heterotopic pancreas is a rare congenital abnormality. The most common location is the stomach, duodenum and proximal jejunum. Rare locations are represented by the ampulla of Vater, esophagus, ileum, Meckel diverticulum, biliary tract, mesentery and spleen. We present the case of a 49 year old patient investigated for obstructive jaundice and diagnosed with an ampullar heterotopy of pancreas parenchyma, initially considered to be a malignant tumor. A Whipple pancreatoduodenectomy was performed with good postoperative evolution, the serum levels of bilirubin being normal after the first postoperative week.

BACKGROUND: Heterotopic gastric mucosa (HGM) can be located in various parts of the gastrointestinal tract. As a rare anomaly in the small intestine, it can become complicated by intussusception, obstruction, gastrointestinal bleeding, and even peritonitis, leading to death.
METHODS: This case report focuses on a 12-year-old Middle Eastern boy who presented with hematochezia and abdominal pain for a couple of days. A tagged Red blood cell (RBC) scan and Technetium scan revealed gastrointestinal bleeding at the lower abdomen, highly suggestive of the diagnosis of Meckel\'s diverticulum. Subsequently, exploratory laparotomy revealed contiguous and scattered mucosal lesions with multiple polyps of various sizes in the terminal ileum. Meckel\'s diverticulum was absent, and the patient was treated with resection and primary anastomosis. The resected tissue revealed extensive ectopic gastric mucosa and polypoid tissues. The patient recovered uneventfully and was discharged four days after the surgery. The symptoms did not recur within six months after his surgery.
CONCLUSIONS: Our case demonstrated that despite the rarity of multiple polypoid gastric heterotopias in the terminal ileum, it should be considered as one of the differential diagnoses of gastrointestinal tract bleeding.

Heterotopic hepatic tissue is a rare development anomaly, exhibiting diverse forms and locations. We present a case report of an asymptomatic woman in her 40s who had an 8 cm mass in the left hypochondrium detected on routine ultrasound, which was initially suspected to be a tumour. Further investigation revealed that the mass had a similar enhancement to the liver on gadoxetate disodium-enhanced MRI and presented a connection with the original liver via vascular pedicle, favouring the diagnosis of accessory liver lobe (ALL). Accurate differentiation of ALL from other abdominal masses poses a diagnostic challenge, potentially leading to misdiagnosis of malignant tumours and unnecessary interventions. Although usually small and asymptomatic, rarely they can present with acute complications, and cross-sectional techniques play an important role in enabling early diagnosis and management. Therefore, radiologists must raise awareness regarding ALL, their imagological findings, and diagnostic pathways, and understand potential associated complications.

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OBJECTIVE: The aim of this report was to provide a clinical description and clinical, ultrasonographic, and histologic images of a foal with microphthalmia and multiple ocular abnormalities.
METHODS: A 12-h old Friesian-American Paint Horse crossbred filly presented for blindness, microphthalmia and marked ventral strabismus in both eyes.
METHODS: A complete ophthalmic examination was performed. Ultrasound biomicroscopy and B-mode ultrasonography were performed. The globes were submitted for histopathology.
RESULTS: Ultrasound biomicroscopy demonstrated a hyperechoic cornea void of the typical epithelium, stroma, and Descemet\'s membrane layers. The anterior chamber was spanned by thick strands of hyperechoic tissue extending from the iris to the cornea. The lens was not visualized. B-mode ultrasound showed aphakia and mild, mottled echogenicity within the vitreous with no evidence of retinal detachment. On histopathology, both globes were microphthalmic with poorly defined corneal tissue. The anterior chambers were poorly formed and contained lacrimal glandular tissue. Portions of iridal tissue were present, but no lenses were noted. The retinas were segmentally detached and markedly atrophied with areas of retina dysplasia noted.
CONCLUSIONS: This report provides a clinical, ultrasonographic and histologic description of a rare, congenital condition in a foal characterized by microphthalmia, aphakia, poorly defined corneal tissue, choristomatous differentiation of the anterior segment and retinal dysplasia.

The thymus derives from the third branchial pouch, which migrates to the mediastinum through the central region of the neck. During the migration, particles split off and develop separately. The prevalence of ectopic thymus is 20-40%. The purpose of this retrospective case series study was to investigate the prevalence of embryological tissue remnants in the central region, in patients treated for thyroid lesions. Between January 1 2018 and September 1 2020, 84 patients who underwent central neck dissection were selected. Clinicopathological data as age, gender, histopathological result and TNM stage were analyzed. Ectopic tissue in the central neck region was discovered in 28 cases. The prevalence of ectopic lesions showed increase in Stage I thyroid carcinomas. There was no significant correlation with patients\' age, gender, or with the stage. We emphasize the clinicopathological role of ectopic tissues, which can occur in the central region of the neck.

The gradually progressive solitary cystic-solid mass of chest CT scans is highly suggestive of lung cancer. We report a case of a 29-year-old woman with a persistent cystic-solid lesion in the right upper lobe. A chest CT scan showed a 35 mm × 44 mm × 51 mm focal cystic-solid mass in the anterior segment of the right upper lobe. The size of lesion had increased over 3 years, especially for the solid component. The right upper lobe pneumonectomy was performed. Postoperative pathological examination showed placental transmogrification of the lung, which is a rare cause of pulmonary cystic lesion.

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Objective: To investigate the clinicopathological and genetic characteristics of neuromuscular choristoma-associated desmoid type fibromatosis (NMC-DF). Methods: The clinical morphological and immunohistochemical features of 7 NMC-DF cases diagnosed from January 2013 to January 2023 in Beijing Jishuitan Hospital were retrospectively analyzed. A series of neuromuscular choristoma and neuromuscular choristoma-associated desmoid type fibromatosis were evaluated for CTNNB1 mutations, and hotspot mutations for CTNNB1 were tested in 4 NMC-DF cases using Sanger sequencing. Results: The tumors were collected from 3 females and 4 males, aged 1 to 22 years (mean 7.1 years), involving the sciatic nerve (n=4), brachial plexus (n=2) or multiple nerves (n=1). The course of the disease spanned from 3 months to 10 years. Two cases were recurrent tumors. All the 7 NMC cases showed endoneurial intercalation of mature skeletal muscle fibers among the peripheral nerve fascicles, and the histologic features of the NMC-DF were strikingly similar to the conventional desmoid-type fibromatosis. By immunohistochemistry, all NMC and NMC-DF cases showed aberrant nuclear staining of β-catenin (7/7), the muscle cells in NMC were intensely immunoreactive for desmin, and the admixed nerve fibers were highlighted by NF and S-100 (7/7). Four NMC and NMC-DF had CTNNB1 mutations, 3 c.121A>G (p.T41A) and 1 c.134C>T (p.S45F). Follow-up of the 7 cases, ranging from 22 to 78 months, showed tumor recurrence in 2 patients at 3 and 8 months respectively after the first surgical resection, of which 1 patient underwent above-knee amputation. No recurrence occurred in other cases with tumor excision and neurological reconstruction surgery. There was no metastasis occurred in the 7 cases. Conclusions: NMC is a rare congenital lesion with differentiated mature skeletal muscle tissue found in peripheral nerve fascicles, and approximately 80% of patients with NMC develop a soft tissue fibromatosis. CTNNB1 mutation in the Wnt signaling pathway may be involved in the pathogenesis of NMC and NMC-DF, and S45F mutations seems to have a higher risk of disease progression.
目的： 探讨神经肌肉迷芽瘤相关的韧带样型纤维瘤病（neuromuscular choristoma-associated desmoid type fibromatosis，NMC-DF）临床病理及分子遗传学特征。 方法： 收集北京积水潭医院2013年1月至2023年1月明确诊断为NMC-DF的病例7例，对其临床、组织形态及免疫组织化学特点进行回顾性分析，采用Sanger测序法对4例患者的神经肌肉迷芽瘤（neuromuscular choristoma，NMC）及韧带样型纤维瘤病（desmoid type fibromatosis，DF）标本分别进行检测，明确CTNNB1基因的突变类型。 结果： 7例患者中女性3例，男性4例，年龄1~22岁，平均年龄7.1岁。病程3个月到10年不等。2例为复发后就诊病例。肿瘤位于大腿3例，小腿1例，上臂1例，颈部1例，影像学提示7例肿瘤均有相应部位神经增粗，4例为坐骨神经，1例为坐骨神经、胫神经、腓总神经全程瘤样增粗，2例为臂从神经，肿瘤与病变神经关系密切。7例病变的神经束内可见骨骼肌纤维，残存的神经纤维穿插其中，呈神经肌肉迷芽瘤的结构；肿瘤均具有典型的韧带样型纤维瘤病结构。免疫组织化学，NMC中部分肌纤维细胞核表达β-catenin（7/7），肌纤维结蛋白弥漫阳性，神经纤维神经丝蛋白和S-100蛋白阳性（7/7）；NMC-DF中β-catenin在肿瘤细胞核中呈散在阳性（7/7）。CTNNB1基因Sanger测序，3例c.121A>G（p.T41A）突变，1例c.134C>T（p.S45F）突变。7例获得随访资料，随访时间22~78个月，2例为复发后就诊，其中1例截肢后再次复发，其余无进展。 结论： NMC是一种罕见的神经发育畸形性病变，神经干内可见异位的骨骼肌纤维，约80%的病例在病变神经周围软组织内伴发DF，组织形态与经典的DF相同，Wnt信号通路中的CTNNB1基因突变与二者的发生发展密切相关，CTNNB1 c.134C>T（p.S45F）突变可能提示不良预后。.