背景:由空气污染引起的心血管疾病(CVD)给公共卫生带来了相当大的负担。我们旨在研究生活方式因素是否介导空气污染物暴露与CVD风险的关联,以及生活方式与空气污染物暴露之间关于CVD结局的相互作用程度。
方法:我们在2011-2012年纳入了7000名参与者,并随访至2018年。生活方式评价由六个因素作为代理,包括血压,血糖,血脂,身体质量指数,烟草暴露,和身体活动,并根据理想因素的数量将参与者分为三个生活方式组(不利,0-1;中间,2-4;和有利的,5-6).基于卫星的时空模型用于估计暴露于环境空气污染物(包括直径≤1.0μm[PM1]的颗粒,≤2.5μm[PM2.5],≤10μm[PM10],二氧化氮[NO2],和臭氧[O3])。Cox回归模型用于检查空气污染物暴露之间的关联,生活方式和心血管疾病的风险。分析了生活方式类别对空气污染物暴露与CVD之间关系的调解和改变作用。
结果:调整协变量后,每增加10μg/m3暴露于PM1(HR:1.09,95%CI:1.05-1.14),PM2.5(HR:1.04,95%CI:1.00-1.08),PM10(HR:1.05,95%CI:1.03-1.08),和NO2(HR:1.11,95%CI:1.05-1.18)与CVD风险增加相关.与不利的生活方式相比,坚持健康的生活方式与CVD风险降低相关(中度生活方式HR:0.65,95%CI:0.56-0.76,有利生活方式HR:0.41,95%CI:0.32-0.53)。生活方式在空气污染物暴露对CVD的贡献中起着重要的部分中介作用,调解比例从PM10的7.4%到PM2.5的14.3%不等。与不利的生活方式相比,为降低对CVD风险的影响,健康生活方式的交互作用导致的相对超额风险为PM1-0.98(-1.52~-0.44),PM2.5-0.60(-1.05~-0.14),PM10-1.84(-2.59~-1.09),NO2-1.44(-2.10~-0.79),O3-0.60(-1.08,-0.12).
结论:生活方式部分介导了空气污染与CVD的关联,坚持健康的生活方式可以保护中老年人免受空气污染对心血管疾病的不利影响。
BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) caused by air pollution poses a considerable burden on public health. We aim to examine whether lifestyle factors mediate the associations of air pollutant exposure with the risk of CVD and the extent of the interaction between lifestyles and air pollutant exposure regarding CVD outcomes.
METHODS: We included 7000 participants in 2011-2012 and followed up until 2018. The lifestyle evaluation consists of six factors as proxies, including blood pressure, blood glucose, blood lipids, body mass index, tobacco exposure, and physical activity, and the participants were categorized into three lifestyle groups according to the number of ideal factors (unfavorable, 0-1; intermediate, 2-4; and favorable, 5-6). Satellite-based spatiotemporal models were used to estimate exposure to ambient air pollutants (including particles with diameters ≤ 1.0 μm [PM1], ≤ 2.5 μm [PM2.5], ≤ 10 μm [PM10], nitrogen dioxide [NO2], and ozone [O3]). Cox regression models were used to examine the associations between air pollutant exposure, lifestyles and the risk of CVD. The mediation and modification effects of lifestyle categories on the association between air pollutant exposure and CVD were analyzed.
RESULTS: After adjusting for covariates, per 10 μg/m3 increase in exposure to PM1 (HR: 1.09, 95% CI: 1.05-1.14), PM2.5 (HR: 1.04, 95% CI: 1.00-1.08), PM10 (HR: 1.05, 95% CI: 1.03-1.08), and NO2 (HR: 1.11, 95% CI: 1.05-1.18) was associated with an increased risk of CVD. Adherence to a healthy lifestyle was associated with a reduced risk of CVD compared to an unfavorable lifestyle (HR: 0.65, 95% CI: 0.56-0.76 for intermediate lifestyle and HR: 0.41, 95% CI: 0.32-0.53 for favorable lifestyle). Lifestyle played a significant partial mediating role in the contribution of air pollutant exposure to CVD, with the mediation proportion ranging from 7.4% for PM10 to 14.3% for PM2.5. Compared to an unfavorable lifestyle, the relative excess risk due to interaction for a healthier lifestyle to reduce the effect on CVD risk was - 0.98 (- 1.52 to - 0.44) for PM1, - 0.60 (- 1.05 to - 0.14) for PM2.5, - 1.84 (- 2.59 to - 1.09) for PM10, - 1.44 (- 2.10 to - 0.79) for NO2, and - 0.60 (- 1.08, - 0.12) for O3.
CONCLUSIONS: Lifestyle partially mediated the association of air pollution with CVD, and adherence to a healthy lifestyle could protect middle-aged and elderly people from the adverse effects of air pollution regarding CVD.