生物聚合物是一种多功能和多样化的材料,由于它们在经济的几个部门的潜在应用而赢得了很高的兴趣。如化妆品,医疗材料/设备,食品添加剂。在过去的几年里,寻找这些化合物已经探索了更广泛的海洋生物,这些海洋生物已被证明是这些应用的哺乳动物来源的绝佳替代品,并受益于其生物学特性,如低抗原性,生物相容性,和生物降解性,在其他人中。此外,为了确保自然海洋资源的可持续开发,并应对3R政策的挑战,目前有必要对从食品加工中获得的残留物和副产品进行估价,以有利于经济和环境利益。许多提取方法已经收到了显著的关注,以获得不同的多糖,蛋白质,和糖胺聚糖来实现对这些产品日益增长的需求。本综述强调了可以从海洋生物资源中获得的资源,作为琼脂/琼脂糖,海藻中的海藻酸盐和硫酸多糖,甲壳类动物的甲壳质/壳聚糖,胶原蛋白,和一些糖胺聚糖,如硫酸软骨素和来自鱼类的透明质酸。它提供,在总结和易于解释的安排中,用于获得提及的海洋生物聚合物的最完善的提取和纯化方法,它们的化学结构,以及验证提取材料和相应特征所需的表征工具。作为补充材料,逐步隔离协议的实用指南,连同各种材料,试剂、和设备,所需的每一个提取也交付也交付。最后,对仍然遵守的需求发表了一些意见,尽管过去的努力,改进当前的提取和纯化程序,以实现更高效和绿色的方法,并获得更高的产量,耗时少,并减少批次间的可变性。
Biopolymers are a versatile and diverse class of materials that has won high interest due to their potential application in several sectors of the economy, such as cosmetics, medical materials/devices, and food additives. In the last years, the search for these compounds has explored a wider range of marine organisms that have proven to be a great alternative to mammal sources for these applications and benefit from their biological properties, such as low antigenicity, biocompatibility, and biodegradability, among others. Furthermore, to ensure the sustainable exploitation of natural marine resources and address the challenges of 3R\'s policies, there is a current necessity to valorize the residues and by-products obtained from food processing to benefit both economic and environmental interests. Many extraction methodologies have received significant attention for the obtention of diverse polysaccharides, proteins, and glycosaminoglycans to accomplish the increasing demands for these products. The present review gives emphasis to the ones that can be obtained from marine biological resources, as agar/agarose, alginate and sulfated polysaccharides from seaweeds, chitin/chitosan from crustaceans from crustaceans, collagen, and some glycosaminoglycans such as chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronic acids from fish. It is offered, in a summarized and easy-to-interpret arrangement, the most well-established extraction and purification methodologies used for obtaining the referred marine biopolymers, their chemical structure, as well as the characterization tools that are required to validate the extracted material and respective features. As supplementary material, a practical guide with the step-by-step isolation protocol, together with the various materials, reagents, and equipment, needed for each extraction is also delivered is also delivered. Finally, some remarks are made on the needs still observed, despite all the past efforts, to improve the current extraction and purification procedures to achieve more efficient and green methodologies with higher yields, less time-consuming, and decreased batch-to-batch variability.