UNASSIGNED: Ocular prosthesis rehabilitation has an important social, psychological, esthetic, and functional role. Congenital factors, trauma, and tumors, among others, can cause anophthalmia, and it is essential to identify the etiology to guide its prevention and treatment.
UNASSIGNED: The aim of this study was to retrospectively investigate the records of patients treated from 2013 to 2020 by the Oral and Maxillofacial Prosthesis Group, aiming to identify the prevalence of patients with anophthalmia and the etiology of their anophthalmia. After approval by the Human Research Ethics Committee, two calibrated researchers evaluated 520 records, identifying those from patients with anophthalmia. The inclusion criteria were records with complete and legible information from patients with anophthalmia and a description of their etiology. Descriptive statistics were performed, and etiological factors were categorized into trauma, congenital cause, end-stage eye disease, and tumor. Spearman\'s correlation was performed to verify the relation between gender and anophthalmia etiology, with a 5% significance level. Seventy-two records were included in the study.
UNASSIGNED: It was observed that 33.4% of patients were women and 66.6% were men. The etiologies were physical trauma (52.4%), tumor (21.8%), end-stage eye disease (16.6%), and congenital cause (9.2%), and there was no correlation between gender and these etiologies (p = .301).
UNASSIGNED: Most of the cases identified were of traumatic origin, which allows the establishment of preventive and educational measures to avoid new cases of anophthalmia.

BACKGROUND: Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) is the most used material for the manufacturing of eye prostheses.
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the cytotoxicity of different cleaning agents for ocular prostheses on human conjunctival cells.
METHODS: Six groups of specimens were created (saline, soap, 4% chlorhexidine, hydrogen peroxide, 1% triclosan, and citronella oil). Three specimens were made for each disinfectant at each disinfection period (1, 7, 15, 30, 60, and 90 days), totaling 108 specimens. Thus, the specimens were disinfected, with different disinfectants, for different periods of time. After each disinfection process, the specimens were washed with sterile distilled water. A human conjunctival cell line was grown on the acrylic resin specimens and then cytotoxicity tests (MTT and Neutral Red (NR)) were performed. A negative control (untreated cell cultures) and positive control (Tween 20) were created. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Bonferroni test were performed (p < 0.05).
RESULTS: For the MTT and NR tests, when there was a significant difference between the disinfectant and negative control, the disinfectant generated a significant reduction in cell proliferation most of the time.
CONCLUSIONS: All reductions in cell proliferation caused by the disinfectants were clinically acceptable. All disinfectants tested in this study were found to be non-cytotoxic to human conjunctival cells.

OBJECTIVE: Enucleation is a common treatment modality performed for pediatric retinoblastoma patients, and the resultant defects are reconstructed using an ocular prosthesis. The prostheses are modified or replaced periodically, as the child develops due to orbital growth and patient-error. The purpose of this report is to evaluate the replacement frequency of prostheses in the pediatric oncologic population.
METHODS: A retrospective review was completed by the two senior research investigators, of patients that had ocular prostheses fabricated following enucleation of their retinoblastoma from 2005 to 2019 (n = 90). Data collected from the medical records of the patient included the pathology, date of surgery, date of prosthesis delivery, and the replacement schedule of the ocular prosthesis.
RESULTS: During the 15-year study period, 78 enucleated observations (ocular prosthesis fabricated) were included for analysis. The median age of the patients at the time of delivery of their first ocular prosthesis was calculated to be 2.6 years (range 0.3-18 years). The median time to the first modification of the prosthesis was calculated to be 6 months. The time to modification of the ocular prosthesis was further stratified by age.
CONCLUSIONS: Pediatric patients require modification of their ocular prostheses throughout their growth and development period. Ocular prostheses are reliable prostheses with predictable outcomes. This data is helpful to set an expectation among the patient, parent, and provider.

A person becomes disabled when they lose any of their sensory organs, the eye being one of the most delicate. Loss of an eye can happen due to different reasons and can be restored using different materials and strategies. Ocular defects and congenital deformations show up as a result of tumors or injury. For the most part, fabricated eyes are accessible as ocular prostheses. This method describes how to create a custom ocular prosthesis using a digital photo and UV printing. The greatest esthetically pleasing results are also achieved using this production method, which does not necessitate painting or color-selecting expertise. Both psychologically and esthetically, the patient was satisfied.

OBJECTIVE: Artificial eye clinics address physical and aesthetic aspects of orbital prostheses, but psychological effects may not be formally addressed. In general, without effective coping mechanisms, stress can lead to anxiety and depression. This study aims to determine, in the context of having an artificial eye, whether coping strategies, as well as perception of illness and other demographic and clinical variables are associated with anxiety or depression.
METHODS: Consecutive patients attending two artificial eye clinics were invited to participate in this audit. Participants completed questionnaires: HADS, Brief IPQ and Brief COPE. Variables with a correlation coefficient of ≥0.2 with anxiety or depression were included in regression modeling. The extent to which the participants\' emotional and cognitive representations of their artificial eye related to feelings of anxiety and depression was determined.
RESULTS: In the cohort of 208, clinically significant anxiety was present in 29.5% and clinically significant depression was present in 8.4%. Perceptions of the impact of the artificial eye and self-blame as a coping strategy were correlated with anxiety. Depression levels were higher when participants believed that their artificial eye had a greater impact on their life, when they lived alone, and when they used substances as a coping strategy.
CONCLUSIONS: Significant levels of anxiety exist in those living with artificial eyes, with various coping strategies used. Addressing this and offering alternative coping strategies may improve patient well being and overall satisfaction.

Anophthalmic patients suffer from social, functional, and emotional agony. The role of a maxillofacial prosthodontist is to restore this loss and to restore the self-esteem of such patients. Fabrication of a prosthesis for the anophthalmic cavity can be successful with the judicious use of the materials, the vision, and the skill of the prosthodontist. This article describes various techniques used for iris replication and a novel method to locate the iris, which is the most crucial step to fabricate a natural gaze.

Currently, there are no effectively working devices for self-orientation of the blind (including those who have lost their eyes anatomically).
OBJECTIVE: To develop a device for helping people with no eyes orient themselves by analyzing the brightness of the light surrounding the user and recording the preserved activity of the oculomotor muscles.
METHODS: The described device is intended for environmental orientation of blind people who have lost both eye organs anatomically. It consists of the following elements: 1) a video camera with glasses and an information analysis unit (computer with transmitting devices); 2) an eye prosthesis in which microcircuits and a power source are sealed. The user receives the information received by the video camera and the correspondingly processed information by supplying short-term electrical pulses from the electrodes situated on the back surface of the prosthesis.
RESULTS: In laboratory conditions, the devices allowed registration of - as example - the direction of a light source coming from the window in a room or a passing car.
CONCLUSIONS: The device will become available for intended usage after carrying out all the prescribed tests and registering in accordance with the established procedures.
В настоящее время отсутствуют эффективно работающие устройства для самостоятельного ориентирования слепых (в том числе потерявших глаза как анатомический орган).
UNASSIGNED: Создание устройства для ориентирования людей с отсутствием глазных яблок путем анализа яркости светового потока, окружающего пользователя, и регистрации сохранившейся активности глазодвигательных мышц.
UNASSIGNED: Описываемое устройство предназначено для ориентирования в окружающей среде слепых людей, потерявших оба глазных яблока. Оно состоит из следующих элементов: 1) видеокамера на очках и блок анализа информации (компьютер с передающими устройствами); 2) глазной протез, в который запаяны микросхемы и источник питания. Передача пользователю полученной видеокамерой и соответствующим образом обработанной информации производится посредством подачи краткосрочных электрических импульсов с электродов, выведенных на заднюю поверхность протеза.
UNASSIGNED: В лабораторных устройствах мы получили возможность для слепого человека регистрации, например, направления источника света, окна в комнате или проезжающего мимо автомобиля.
UNASSIGNED: После проведения всех предусмотренных испытаний и регистрации устройства в установленном порядке возможно его использование по назначению.

The use of hand painting an iris button using oil paint remains the conventional method of artificial eye manufacturing. The authors found that replacing this technique with a digital photograph taken of a patient\'s unaffected eye offers several advantages over the conventional method but the process from capture to print must be standardised and colour accurate. The authors of this paper suggest a tried and tested formulated photographic process of capture and printing prior to polymerisation. It discusses issues that can arise and how these can be overcome in order to achieve a high-quality print that can be used to produce a \'life like\' ocular prosthesis.

We sought to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of patient-specific ocular prostheses produced by three-dimensional (3D) printing and the sublimation technique. A comparison with prostheses produced using manual manufacturing methods was then performed.
To confirm the biological and physiochemical safety, cytotoxicity, systemic acute toxicity, intradermal reaction, and skin sensitization tests were conducted according to the International Organization for Standardization guidelines. The compressive strength of the prostheses was also tested. Further, a case series of three patients who wore the 3D printed prostheses for more than eight hours daily for 4 weeks was executed. Self-assessments by these individuals using a questionnaire and safety evaluations focusing on the occurrence of conjunctival inflammation or allergic reactions according to the Cornea and Contact Lens Research Unit criteria by slit-lamp examination and similarity assessment were completed.
The 3D printed ocular prostheses met the necessary qualifications per the biological and physiochemical safety tests, showing the absence of cytotoxicity, acute systemic toxicity, intradermal reactivity, and skin-sensitizing potency. Also, there was no difference in strength test results between previous ocular prostheses and the 3D printed ones. Self-assessment by the patients yielded satisfactory results, with no significant difference in the level of satisfaction reported for the 3D printed and previous handmade ocular prostheses. The 3D printed prosthesis did not trigger any side effects in the conjunctival sac and showed similar objective findings with respect to the color of the iris, sclera, and vessel patterns.
Our study confirms the biologic and physiochemical safety of 3D-printed ocular prostheses created using computer-aided design technology and a sublimation technique. The patients\' questionnaires and the judgment of the ophthalmologists/ocularists showed that the 3D printed ocular prosthesis was acceptable in function and appearance through a case series report.

A patient who is suffering from complete loss of one eye or one phthisical eye due to injury, inflammation, or tumor experiences lot of physical and psychological trauma. Ocular prostheses are used in the management of a wide variety of acquired and congenital anopthalmia. Several techniques have been used in fitting and fabricating artificial eyes. These eyes can be prefabricated or custom made, but a prosthesis that is lifelike in appearance provides a sense of psychological security to the patient, which is better achieved with custom ocular prosthesis. This article discusses series of cases made by utilizing one of the latest techniques of iris duplication (digital imaging) and also aims at enhanced awareness of the cosmetic benefits of custom designed ocular prosthesis when compared with stock eye.