背景:将工业大麻用于娱乐,药妆,营养食品,由于其丰富的有价值的植物化学物质的含量,如大麻二酚(CBD)和大麻二酚(CBG)。然而,人们担心在受控环境之外生长的植物中微生物污染的风险。与大麻相关的微生物可以是附生植物或内生菌,可能会给人类带来传染病的风险。
方法:七种意大利大麻基因型,包括伯纳贝,卡马诺拉,Carmaleonte,Codimono,CS,ElettaCampana,还有Fibranova,在两个不同的地理位置种植,卡塔尼亚和罗维戈,2019年至2021年连续三年。总好氧微生物(TAMC),总酵母/霉菌(TYMC),耐胆汁革兰氏阴性菌的存在,以及不存在大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌。进行了评估和比较。测量了主要的植物大麻素含量,并将其与微生物污染相关联。
结果:本研究中分析的大多数样品不符合欧洲药典微生物学限值。潜在病原体的检测,如大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌。,在样品中表明花序的使用可能代表可能的感染源。微生物污染在收获季节和生产地点之间有所不同,农业气候条件影响微生物负荷和组成。潜在致病菌的存在与季节性气候变化的相关性较小,更有可能受到外部来源的零星污染的影响。CBD浓度与耐胆汁革兰氏阴性菌和总酵母/霉菌水平呈负相关。CBD含量较低的样品比CBD含量较高的样品受到更多的污染,表明这种植物化学物质对植物的潜在保护作用。
结论:脱粒残留物(花序,花苞片,和叶子)工业大麻品种代表了一种有价值的产品和有益的植物化学物质的来源,值得进一步探索。虽然收获后灭菌方法可以降低微生物风险,它们还可能降解对热和光敏感的生物活性植物化学物质。最有希望的策略包括实施最佳农艺实践,以保持健康和无污染的文化。严格的监控和质量认证协议对于减轻与大麻衍生产品消费相关的微生物风险至关重要。
BACKGROUND: The use of industrial Cannabis sativa L. for recreational, cosmeceutical, nutraceutical, and medicinal purposes has gained momentum due to its rich content of valuable phytochemicals, such as cannabidiol (CBD) and cannabigerol (CBG). However, there are concerns regarding the risk of microbial contamination in plants grown outside controlled environments. Microbes associated with hemp can be either epiphytes or endophytes and may pose a risk of infectious illness for humans.
METHODS: Seven Italian hemp genotypes, including Bernabeo, Carmagnola, Carmaleonte, Codimono, CS, Eletta Campana, and Fibranova, were cultivated in two distinct geographic locations, Catania and Rovigo, for three consecutive years from 2019 to 2021. Total aerobic microbes (TAMC), total combined yeasts/moulds (TYMC), the presence of bile-tolerant Gram-negative bacteria, and the absence of Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. were evaluated and compared. The main phytocannabinoid content was measured and correlated with microbial contamination.
RESULTS: Most samples analyzed in this study did not meet the European Pharmacopoeia microbiological limits. The detection of potential pathogens, such as E. coli and Salmonella spp., in the samples indicates that the use of inflorescences may represent a possible source of infection. Microbial contamination varied among harvesting seasons and production sites, with agroclimatic conditions influencing microbial load and composition. The presence of potentially pathogenic bacteria was less associated with seasonal climate variability and more likely affected by sporadic contamination from external sources. CBD concentration exhibited a negative correlation with bile-tolerant Gram-negative bacteria and total yeasts/moulds levels. Samples with lower CBD content were more contaminated than those with higher CBD levels, suggesting a potential protective effect of this phytochemical on the plant.
CONCLUSIONS: The threshing residues (inflorescences, floral bracts, and leaves) of industrial hemp varieties represent a valuable product and a source of beneficial phytochemicals that warrants further exploration. While post-harvest sterilization methods may reduce microbiological risks, they may also degrade heat- and light-sensitive bioactive phytochemicals. The most promising strategy involves implementing best agronomic practices to maintain healthy and uncontaminated cultures. Rigorous monitoring and quality certification protocols are essential to mitigate the microbiological risk associated with the consumption of hemp-derived products.