BACKGROUND: Pregnancy is an important period of life for women and their husbands as the couple\'s health is essential. The present study evaluated the impact of some factors (marital adjustment with depressive symptoms) on health-promoting behaviors in pregnant women and their husbands based on the actor-partner interdependence model (APIM).
METHODS: This descriptive study examined 211 couples (pregnant women and their husbands) in pregnancy clinics of Babol University of Medical Sciences using a convenience sampling method. The participants completed Spanier\'s Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS) (1979), Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) (1987), and Walker\'s Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile II (HPLPII) questionnaire (1997). The relationships between women and their husbands were also evaluated using structural equation modeling with R software according to the Lavaan (latent variable analysis) package based on APIM-SEM.
RESULTS: The pregnant women\'s marital adjustment positively affected their health-promoting behaviors (β = 0.456, 95% Cl: 0.491-0.998, p < 0.001) and their husbands\' (β = 0.210, 95% Cl: 0.030-0.726, p = 0.048). Pregnant woman\'s depressive symptoms also negatively affected their health-promoting behaviors (β=-0.088, 95% Cl: -0.974-0.074, P = 0.236) and their husbands\' health-promoting behaviors (β=-0.177, 95% Cl: -0.281 - -0.975, P = 0.011). Furthermore, the husband\'s marital adjustment only positively affected his studied behaviors (β = 0.323, 95% Cl: 0.0303-0.895, P < 0.001) but did not affect the pregnant woman\'s health behaviors. The husband\'s depressive symptoms had a negative impact on his studied behaviors (β = 0.219, 95% Cl: -0.122 - -0.917, P = 0.001) and did not affect the pregnant woman\'s depressive symptoms. Our findings confirmed the mediating role of depressive symptoms in pregnant women and their husbands on the association of marital adjustment and health-promoting behaviors. According to the actor-partner study, a pregnant woman\'s marital adjustment scores positively affected her studied behaviors and her husband (β = 0.071, 95% Cl: 0.042-0.278, P = 0.015) by decreasing her depression score. Therefore, the husband\'s marital adjustment score positively affected his studied behaviors by decreasing his depression score (β = 0.084, 95% Cl: -0.053 -0.292, P = 0.005), and it did not affect his wife\'s health-promoting behaviors.
CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest healthcare providers, obstetricians, and psychologists evaluate the husbands\' symptoms of depression and health-promoting behaviors in the routine pregnancy care of pregnant women. They also pay great attention to marital adjustment as a determinant of reducing depressive symptoms in pregnant women and their husbands.

Hopefulness is a positive orientation or state of mind that can aid in the recovery and treatment of mental illness, as it can have significant impacts on clinical and psychosocial outcomes. As resource-constrained settings work to implement recovery-oriented care, there is a need to better understand hopefulness among people living with schizophrenia (PLWS) and caregivers in their extended family networks. This study seeks to examine the dyadic relationship of hopefulness and its associated correlates among PLWS attending outpatient psychiatric clinics and their caregivers in Tanzania.
This study utilized baseline and immediate post-intervention data collected as part of a randomized controlled trial testing a culturally tailored model of Family Psychoeducation, KUPAA, in Tanzania. The Herth Hope Index was used to measure hopefulness among PLWS (n = 33) and their caregivers (n = 33) at baseline and immediate post-intervention. Univariable and multivariable regression models were conducted to determine correlates of hopefulness at baseline, while the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model (APIM) was employed to examine the longitudinal, dyadic relationship of hopefulness among and between PLWS and their caregivers.
Better family functioning was associated with higher levels of hopefulness in PLWS and their caregivers. Lower levels of stigma, lower symptom severity, and lower disability were associated with higher levels of hopefulness in PLWS. For PLWS and their caregivers, actor effects from the APIM model were less than one (PLWS, [Formula: see text]; caregivers, [Formula: see text]), indicating stability (within each person) in hopefulness over time. Regarding partner effects, a caregiver\'s baseline hopefulness had a positive effect on the hopefulness of their PLWS at follow-up ([Formula: see text]). This indicates that higher caregiver hope at time 0 is associated with higher levels of hope in PLWS at time 1. Baseline hopefulness levels for PLWS had a negative effect on caregivers\' hopefulness at follow-up ([Formula: see text]). This suggests that higher hopefulness among PLWS at baseline is associated with lower levels of hope in caregivers at follow-up.
Hopefulness is important to consider in family or caregiver-based treatments for PLWS because caregiver hopefulness may influence improvements in hopefulness among PLWS over time. Future studies should further explore the longitudinal dyadic relationship of hopefulness for these populations, as hope is a non-pharmacological and modifiable mechanism of change that is underutilized in care and treatment plans for PLWS globally.
Clinical Trials #NCT04013932, July 10, 2019.

Breast cancer treatment can be a stressful time for both the patient and their caregiver. Both patients and caregivers can experience increases psychophysiological distress (e.g., pain interference, fatigue, anxiety, depressive symptoms, perceived health); however, it is not clear how psychophysiological distress before treatment is linked to distress during the first year of treatment both interpersonally and intrapersonally.
The present study recruited 54 patient-caregiver dyads during diagnosis before breast cancer treatment started. Both patients and caregivers complete self-reported surveys at baseline (before treatment), then 6-weeks, 6-months, and 12-months after the start of treatment. Specifically, we examine trajectories of psychophysiological change using Actor-Partner Interdependence Models (APIMs) Growth Curve Models and clinically specific times of psychophysiological influence using APIM path analyses.
Results indicate that patient and caregiver psychophysiological distress before treatment is linked to psychophysiological distress during the first year of treatment both intrapersonally and interpersonally but somewhat differently depending on the symptom. For example, for perceived health there are no interpersonal effects and for fatigue caregivers appear to experience the majority of psychophysiological distress effects.
Our findings suggest that medical practitioners could evaluate patients and their caregivers for psychophysiological distress prior to breast cancer treatment and consider referrals to therapy or psychoeducation to help with symptom management throughout the first year of treatment.

Research on body image and eating within the mother-daughter dyad tends to emphasize the influence that mothers may have on daughters, with little focus on the concomitant influence that daughters may have on mothers. Utilizing the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model (APIM) within a sample of mothers and their daughters within three age ranges (middle school, high school, and college, N = 356 dyads), we examined relations between mother and daughter body dissatisfaction and restrictive eating and bulimic symptoms. Results indicated that mother and daughter body dissatisfaction significantly predicted their own eating pathology (actor effects). Although no significant partner main effects occurred, a notable actor-partner interaction was obtained; mothers\' body dissatisfaction significantly predicted higher levels of their own restrained eating only when their daughters were ages 16 and older. In addition, a moderated actor effect was found for bulimic symptoms, such that the relation between a daughter\'s body dissatisfaction and her own bulimic symptoms became progressively stronger as her age increased. Overall, the findings provide replication of actor effects, with partial support for mutuality of mother and daughter influence.

The rise of intense competition for younger generation has intensified social expectations of being a good parent. Based on the data of 386 Chinese intact families with fathers (Mage  = 48.7), mothers (Mage  = 44.7), and adolescents (46.9% girls, Mage  = 14.6) as target respondents, this study examined the patterns of dyadic interdependence in the relationships between socially prescribed parenting perfectionism and parental control (indexed by close monitoring and psychological control) using actor-partner interdependence model (APIM) analyses. Results indicated an actor-only pattern in the association of socially prescribed parenting perfectionism with paternal monitoring, and a couple pattern in the relationship between socially prescribed parenting perfectionism and maternal monitoring. However, the patterns of individual and inter-spousal relationships between socially prescribed parenting perfectionism and psychological control were indistinguishable between fathers and mothers. The findings lend support to the social expectations model and the anxious rearing model by illustrating positive associations of socially prescribed parenting perfectionism with parental monitoring and psychological control. The present study suggests that father-prescribed social expectations about parenting are critical in shaping parental control practice in Chinese contexts, which shed light on the development of Chinese socialization model and clinical practice to support Chinese parents in their parenting.
摘要 年轻一代的竞争越来越激烈，这加剧了社会对做优秀父母的期望。基于386个以父亲(MAGE=48.7)、母亲(MAGE=44.7)和青少年(46.9%的女孩，MAGE=14.6)为目标受访者的中国完整家庭的数据，本研究使用行为者-伴侣相互依赖模型(APIM)分析了社会规定的教养完美主义和父母控制(以密切监控和心理控制为指标)之间的相互依赖模式。结果表明，在社会规定的养育完美主义与父方监控的关系中，只有主动行为者模式，而在社会规定的养育完美主义与母方监控的关系中，有夫妇模式。然而，社会规定的养育完美主义和心理控制之间的个人和配偶间的关系模式在父亲和母亲之间不存在显著。研究结果通过说明社会规定的养育完美主义与父母监控和心理控制之间的正相关，为社会期望模型和焦虑养育模型提供了支持。本研究表明，在中国背景下，父亲对养育子女的社会期望对塑造父母的控制行为至关重要，这对中国社会化模式的发展和支持中国父母养育子女的临床实践有启示。.

Little is known about how adolescent best friends may affect each other\'s food intake. This study explored whether friendship selection and socialization mechanisms explained potential food intake similarities in adolescent reciprocated best friend dyads. We also tested whether socialization processes were moderated by dyad member\'s relative zBMI. Members of 145 same-gender best friendship dyads (56% female; Mage = 12.79; SDage = 0.61) reported on their intake of food obtained from home and from outside the home at the beginning and the end of the school year through food frequency questionnaires. Longitudinal Actor-Partner Interdependence Models results showed no indication of selection or socialization, and very limited evidence for the moderation of socialization processes by relative zBMI. These findings indicate that focusing on adolescent reciprocated best friends in dietary interventions may not be valuable.

In March 2020, the World Health Organization declared the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus \"pandemic.\" To reduce the risk of contamination, many countries have ordered a lockdown characterized by social distancing and restrictive isolation measures. While the lockdown has proven to be quite effective in terms of physical health, little is known about its impact on couple satisfaction in a dyadic perspective. The current research was a 4-waves longitudinal study (i.e., from March to July 2020) with the objective to examine the trajectory of couple satisfaction during the lockdown with a dyadic perspective (N = 108 couples), including the presence (or absence) of children at home, the number of hours spent together, and the duration of the relationship as time-invariant predictors and the partner\'s couple satisfaction trajectory as a time-varying covariate. Results showed positive intraindividual changes in couple satisfaction during the lockdown, especially an increase in partners\' effectiveness for resolving couple conflicts and a decrease in partners\' aggressiveness. Partners had also perceived the influence of the lockdown as more and more positive over time on couple and family functioning. Finally, the couple satisfaction of both partners changed in tandem during the lockdown: The perception of the couple relationship seems to similarly evolve between partners.

This study investigated the mediating role of perceived partner responsiveness in the relationship between emotional reactivity and marital quality among Chinese couples. The survey participants included 550 couples from 28 provinces in the Eastern, Central and Western China. The ages of the husbands range from 39 to 64 years old whose average age is 46.45 years old, while the ages of the wives vary between 32 and 62 years old whose average age is 45.08 years old. The Emotion Reactivity Scale, Perceived Partner Responsiveness Scale, and Quality of Marriage Index were selected for measurement. The results showed that the scores of husbands perceived partner responsiveness and marital quality were significantly higher than those of wives, and there was no significant difference in emotional reactivity between husbands and wives. Correlation analysis showed that emotional reactivity of couples was negatively correlated with perceived partner responsiveness and marital quality, while perceived partner responsiveness was positively correlated with marital quality. Based on the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model (APIM), it was found that the emotional reactivity of both spouses was a significant negative predictor of their marital quality (actor effect). It also significantly negatively predicted the marital quality of the spouse (partner effect). The mediating effect analysis results showed that the husbands\' perceived partner responsiveness played a mediating role in the emotional reactivity of the couples on marital quality of the husbands, and the wives\' perceived partner responsiveness played a mediating role in the emotional reactivity of the couples on marital quality of the husbands. The wives\' perceived partner responsiveness played a mediating role in the effect of the couples\' emotional reactivity on the wives\' marital quality. The results of this study contribute to a better understanding of the mechanism of emotional reactivity of couples affecting marital quality and have a guiding significance for improving marital quality.

Background: Perinatal depression (PND) in mothers and fathers of very low and extremely low birth weight (VLBW and ELBW) infants has not been studied extensively. In particular, no studies investigated the reciprocal influence of depressive symptoms during the first 12 months postpartum. This study aimed at exploring the impact of the severity of prematurity on maternal and paternal PND during the first postpartum year; specifically, we used an Actor-Partner Interdependence Model (APIM) to test the interdependence of both partners on depressive symptoms. Methods: A total of 177 mothers and 177 fathers were recruited, divided into 38 couples with ELBW infants, 56 with VLBW, and 83 of full-term (FT) infants. PND was evaluated by the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) at 3, 9, and 12 months postpartum (corrected age for preterm infants). Results: Maternal depressive symptoms at 3 months were positively related to those at 9 and 12 months in the 3 groups. Conversely, paternal depressive symptoms assessed at 3 months were positively related to those measured at 9 months for the ELBW group, 12 months for the VLBW group, 9 and 12 months for FT condition. Furthermore, a significantly positive partner effect was observed regarding the influence of 3 month maternal depressive symptoms on paternal depressive symptoms at 9 months, but only in the case of the VLBW group. Conclusion: Prematurity represents a very specific scenario in the transition to parenthood, leading to specific reactions in mothers and fathers, especially in high-risk conditions. Results should be deepened given the relevance of their clinical implications.