糖尿病在世界范围内普遍存在,>90%的病例被确定为2型糖尿病。高血糖(高血糖)是糖尿病的标志性症状,长期和不受控制的水平导致随后的并发症。动物模型已被用于研究这些并发症,其中包括视网膜病变,肾病,和周围神经病变。最近的研究集中在认知行为上,因为据报道在老年2型糖尿病患者中发生痴呆/认知缺陷的风险增加。在这次审查中,我们整理了从特定动物模型报告的数据(即,鼠标,rat,斑马鱼)已经检查了视网膜/视力(视网膜病)和大脑/认知的变化,包括db/db鼠标,Goto-Kakizaki老鼠,Zucker糖尿病肥胖大鼠,高脂肪饮食的啮齿动物和斑马鱼,和葡萄糖浸泡诱导的高血糖斑马鱼。之所以选择这些模型,是因为啮齿动物被广泛认为是研究糖尿病并发症的既定模型,而斑马鱼代表了这一领域的新模型。我们的目标是(1)总结与这些模型相关的已发表发现,(2)确定在两个组织中发生的疾病进展的细胞机制的相似性,和(3)解决了高血糖引起的视网膜变化先于或预测大脑并发症的假设。
Diabetes is prevalent worldwide, with >90% of the cases identified as Type 2 diabetes. High blood sugar (hyperglycemia) is the hallmark symptom of diabetes, with prolonged and uncontrolled levels contributing to subsequent complications. Animal models have been used to study these complications, which include
retinopathy, nephropathy, and peripheral neuropathy. More recent studies have focused on cognitive behaviors due to the increased risk of dementia/cognitive deficits that are reported to occur in older Type 2 diabetic patients. In this review, we collate the data reported from specific animal models (i.e., mouse, rat, zebrafish) that have been examined for changes in both retina/vision (
retinopathy) and brain/cognition, including db/db mice, Goto-Kakizaki rats, Zucker Diabetic Fatty rats, high-fat diet-fed rodents and zebrafish, and hyperglycemic zebrafish induced by glucose immersion. These models were selected because rodents are widely recognized as established models for studying diabetic complications, while zebrafish represent a newer model in this field. Our goal is to (1) summarize the published findings relevant to these models, (2) identify similarities in cellular mechanisms underlying the disease progression that occur in both tissues, and (3) address the hypothesis that hyperglycemic-induced changes in retina precede or predict later complications in brain.