BACKGROUND: Globally, internalizing problems disproportionately affect females in adolescence and adulthood, with limited research at earlier ages due to a focus on disruptive behaviors. Our study addresses this gap by exploring the structure of internalizing problems and gender differences in Brazilian preschoolers.
METHODS: We analyzed data from the Child Behavioral Checklist 1.5-5 in the Preschool Mental Health Study, involving 1,292 children aged 4 to 5 in Embu das Artes, São Paulo, Brazil. Confirmatory factor analysis and mean comparisons explored internalizing problems and gender variations.
RESULTS: A two-factor model best fit both internalizing and externalizing problems.The hierarchical model with four factors (Emotionally Reactive, Anxiety/Depression, Somatic Complaints, and Withdrawn) best fit internalizing problems, achieving partial invariance between boys and girls. Boys scored higher in Withdrawn Syndrome, while girls scored higher in Somatic Complaints Syndrome.
CONCLUSIONS: Preschoolers\' internalizing problems warrant attention beyond their link to externalizing problems. While the overall construct is similar in boys and girls, divergent syndrome scores indicate potential distinct risk patterns requiring further exploration.

E-government services are essential to societies because they save time, reduce corruption, provide efficient, low-cost, and fast service, increase transparency, and enhance trust in the government. These applications save time, which translates to cost savings by reducing bureaucratic crowds and fatigue and eliminating the need for citizens to travel for offline transactions. This study investigates various factors related to citizens\' use of e-government services according to gender differences during and before COVID-19. The microdata set from the Survey on Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Usage in Households conducted by TURKSTAT in 2018 and 2021 was used. Additionally, the binary logistic regression method was employed to analyze these factors. According to the research results, it has been determined that variables such as age, education level, occupation, e-commerce use, internet financial transaction status, number of people in the household, and region are associated with women\'s use of e-government services during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study found that the significance and impact of these variables on the use of e-government services differ based on the gender of individuals and the periods. The study provides recommendations for IT professionals, staff of the interior ministries, and researchers interested in increasing the use of e-government services. This research may also pioneer efforts to identify priority areas for expanding e-government services.

Comorbidity between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and gaming disorder (GD) is widely recognized in the literature. Previous research has indicated gender-dependent underlying mechanisms in the development and maintenance of problematic gaming. Motivational research presents an opportunity to provide further insight regarding the nature of this association. Self-report data were collected from videogame players (N = 14,740) using an online survey in collaboration with a popular gaming magazine. The survey included items concerning symptoms of ADHD and GD, motives for gaming, and time spent playing videogames. Structural equation modeling was used to create two parallel mediation models (one for males, one for females), including motives to play games as mediators. This was done to potentially explain psychological drivers of the association between ADHD and GD. Results demonstrated a common pathway from inattention to GD symptom severity through the immersion/escapism motivation for both males (β = 0.068; p < 0.001) and females (β = 0.081; p < 0.05), while the paths from inattention to GD symptom severity through the habit/boredom motive (β = 0.094; p < 0.001) and competition motive (β = 0.021; p < 0.001) were only significant for males. Gamers experiencing symptoms of ADHD, especially inattentive symptoms, are at risk of the occurrence of GD symptoms through videogames becoming a source of maladaptive coping with daily psychological disturbances. Males experiencing inattentive symptoms tend to additionally develop problematic patterns of use through videogame playing, becoming a subjectively meaningless and boredom-reduction-oriented habitual activity or a platform of virtual competition. Unique differences suggest the necessity of different treatment approaches for males and females.

UNASSIGNED: Recent studies have shown gender differences in cardiovascular outcomes after left atrial appendage closure (LAAC), highlighting different complication rates and adverse events, particularly in short-term assessments. As a result, there remains a significant knowledge gap on how these differences directly impact the efficacy and safety of LAAC procedures. The aim of this retrospective study was to investigate the clinical outcomes of LAAC in women and men using the Watchman FLX device.
UNASSIGNED: This retrospective, multicenter study analyzes gender-specific outcomes in 650 patients who underwent LAAC with the Watchman FLX device between March 2019 and May 2022, drawn from the ITALIAN-FLX registry.
UNASSIGNED: The results show comparable rates of all-cause mortality, stroke, transient ischemic attack and major bleeding in men and women 12 months after the procedure. Notably, no significant gender differences were found for periprocedural complications.
UNASSIGNED: In conclusion, this study shows that LAAC with the Watchman FLX device has comparable clinical outcomes between genders at both short-term and long-term follow-up.

UNASSIGNED: Exploring gender differences in cognitive abilities offers vital insights into human brain functioning.
UNASSIGNED: Our study utilized advanced techniques like magnetic resonance thermometry, standard working memory n-back tasks, and functional MRI to investigate if gender-based variations in brain temperature correlate with distinct neuronal responses and working memory capabilities.
UNASSIGNED: We observed a significant decrease in average brain temperature in males during working memory tasks, a phenomenon not seen in females. Although changes in female brain temperature were significantly lower than in males, we found an inverse relationship between the absolute temperature change (ATC) and cognitive performance, alongside a correlation with blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal change induced by neural activity. This suggests that in females, ATC is a crucial determinant for the link between cognitive performance and BOLD responses, a linkage not evident in males. However, we also observed additional female specific BOLD responses aligned with comparable task performance to that of males.
UNASSIGNED: Our results suggest that females compensate for their brain\'s heightened temperature sensitivity by activating additional neuronal networks to support working memory. This study not only underscores the complexity of gender differences in cognitive processing but also opens new avenues for understanding how temperature fluctuations influence brain functionality.

UNASSIGNED: Surgical undergraduate training takes place in a male-dominated work environment that struggles with recruitment problems. Experiences of cultural and sex/gender-specific barriers of women in surgery have been reported worldwide. Overall, the experiences that students have in coping with the emotional impact of surgery as a profession are thought to be crucial to their subsequent career choices. We investigated whether students\' self-reported experiences differed by sex/gender in terms of frequency and content, and whether they were related to their career aspirations.
UNASSIGNED: In Germany, the final year represents the last part of the undergraduate medical study program. At the Mannheim Medical Faculty, a 12-week surgical training is mandatory. After completing their surgical training, the students were asked about their experiences and their later career aspirations. These experiences were analysed using quantitative content analysis. The relationship between the quality of experience and career aspirations as well as sex/gender differences were statistically measured.
UNASSIGNED: In the 475 questionnaires analysed (response rate 52%), the number of positive and negative mentions does not differ by sex/gender. However, male students feel more actively involved and female students feel poorly briefed and think that supervisors are less interested in their training. A significant influence on career aspirations was found in the performance category for female and male students, and in the supervision category for female students.
UNASSIGNED: The positive experiences that students gain while performing surgical activities have an impact on their subsequent career choices. In particular, a good settling-in period and encouragement to actively participate could help to attract more women to surgery.
UNASSIGNED: Die chirurgische Ausbildung findet in einem männlich dominierten Arbeitsumfeld statt, das mit Rekrutierungsproblemen konfrontiert ist. Weltweit wird über kulturelle und geschlechtsspezifische Barrieren für Frauen in der Chirurgie berichtet. Generell wird davon ausgegangen, dass die Erfahrungen, die Studierende bei der Bewältigung der emotionalen Anforderungen im Fachbereich Chirurgie machen, entscheidend für ihre spätere Berufswahl sind. Wir untersuchten, ob sich die selbstberichteten Erfahrungen der Studierenden in diesem Bereich in Bezug auf Häufigkeit und Inhalt geschlechtsspezifisch unterscheiden und ob ein Zusammenhang mit den späteren Berufswünschen besteht.
UNASSIGNED: In Deutschland stellt das Praktische Jahr den letzten Abschnitt des Medizinstudiums dar. An der Medizinischen Fakultät Mannheim ist ein 12-wöchiger klinisch-praktischer Einsatz im Fachbereich Chirurgie obligatorisch. Die Studierenden wurden am Ende dieses Einsatzes über ihre Erlebnisse und ihre späteren Berufswünsche befragt. Die berichteten Erlebnisse wurden mittels quantitativer Inhaltsanalyse ausgewertet. Der Zusammenhang zwischen der Qualität der Erfahrungen und den Berufswünschen sowie die geschlechtsspezifischen Unterschiede wurden statistisch geprüft.
UNASSIGNED: 475 Fragebögen wurden ausgewertet (Rücklaufquote 52%). Die Anzahl der positiven und negativen Nennungen unterscheidet sich zwischen den männlichen und weiblichen Studierenden nicht. Studenten berichten jedoch häufiger, aktiv eingebunden worden zu sein und Studentinnen fühlen sich weniger gut eingearbeitet und meinen eher, dass die Betreuungsperson nicht an ihrer Ausbildung interessiert ist. Ein signifikanter Einfluss auf die Berufswünsche wurde in der Kategorie Praktisches Arbeiten für weibliche und männliche und in der Kategorie Supervision nur für weibliche Studierende festgestellt.
UNASSIGNED: Die angenehmen Erfahrungen, die Studierende bei der Ausübung chirurgischer Tätigkeiten im Praktischen Jahr machen, wirken sich positiv auf ihre spätere Berufswahl in der Chirurgie aus. Insbesondere eine gute Einführungsphase und die Ermutigung zur aktiven Teilnahme könnten dazu beitragen, mehr Frauen für die Chirurgie zu gewinnen.

UNASSIGNED: Hyperacusis, characterized by an abnormal sensitivity to everyday sounds, is a condition associated with subjective distress and physiological changes in the auditory system. Prevalence rates have varied significantly worldwide, emphasizing the need for standardized criteria. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of hyperacusis among high school students in Mysore district and explore gender differences.
UNASSIGNED: A diverse cohort of 597 high school students participated in this cross-sectional study. The Modified Khalfa Hyperacusis Questionnaire assessed hyperacusis symptoms. Demographic data included age, gender, and educational status. A cut-off score of 28 on the questionnaire identified hyperacusis cases. Data were analyzed descriptively.
UNASSIGNED: The study revealed a substantial hyperacusis prevalence of 17.25% among high school students in the Mysore district. Out of 103 identified cases, 43.69% were females, and 56.31% were males. These results suggest a potential gender disparity in hyperacusis prevalence. The study\'s findings highlight the high prevalence of hyperacusis among Indian high school students, emphasizing the need for attention to this issue in adolescent health. Gender differences observed in this study align with previous research, indicating a higher prevalence among males.
UNASSIGNED: Hyperacusis is a prevalent condition among Indian high school students, warranting further research on its causes and co-occurrence across different age groups. These findings underscore the significance of addressing hyperacusis as a critical health concern among adolescents and emphasize the need for tailored interventions and increased awareness.

This study examined the association between victimization and victim blaming using a sample of n = 142 participants in a generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) with the influence of subject gender, victim stereotyping level, threat level, and victim gender for victim blaming. Belief in a just world was included in the model as a covariate. Mediation analyses were conducted with the degree of identifiability with the victim and attitudes toward traditional role models as explanatory approaches. In addition, acceptance of rape myths was considered. The GLMM analyses suggest that victim blaming by male subjects was significantly higher on average than by female subjects when all other predictors were held constant. As an explanatory approach for these effects of the subjects\' gender on victim blaming, partial mediation was found with the degree of identification with the victim as a mediator. No main effects were found for the other influencing factors, but only a statistically significant three-way interaction. This indicates a differential effect of the level of stereotyping for male and female victims in conditions that end in high threat. The finding of the main effect of subjects\' gender seems to be particularly important for the legal system, as it appears to make a difference in who is asked in terms of victim blameworthiness. This finding highlights the importance of considering a victim\'s personal characteristics and the need for future research with an additional focus on the characteristics of the sentencers to help clarify potential biases.

BACKGROUND: In response to the all-time high of female sports participation, there has been increasing scientific discourse and media interest in women\'s sporting injuries in recent years. In gender comparable sports the rate of foot and ankle injury for women is higher than for men. There are intrinsic and extrinsic factors which may explain this difference.
METHODS: A systematic literature search was performed according to the PRISMA guidelines of PubMed, Ovid EMBASE and OVID MEDLINE. Relevant key terms were used to narrow the scope of the search prior to screening. Case reports, review articles, paediatric patients, non foot and ankle injuries and combat sports were excluded. We used dual author, two pass screening to arrive at final included studies.
RESULTS: 2510 articles were screened after duplicate exclusion. 104 were included in this literature review. We identified lack of reporting gender difference in the literature.We identified that females have higher frequency and severity of injury. We provide an overview of our current understanding of ankle ligament complex injuries, stress fractures, ostochondral lesions of the talus and Achilles tendon rupture. We expand on the evidence of two codes of football, soccer and Australian rules, as a \"case study\" of how injury patterns differ between genders in the same sport. We identify gender specific characteristics including severity, types of injury, predisposing risk factors, anatomy, endocrinology and biomechanics associated with injuries. Finally, we examine the effect of level of competition on female injury patterns.
CONCLUSIONS: There is a lack of scientific reporting of gender differences of foot and ankle injuries. Female athletes suffer foot and ankle injuries at higher rates and with greater severity compared to males. This is an under-reported, yet important area of orthopaedics and sports medicine to understand, and hence reduce the injury burden for female athletes.

This study explores the mediating role of self-regulation in the relationship between bullying victimization and depressive symptoms among adolescents, considering the moderating effects of gender and region. A cross-sectional analysis was conducted with 3984 adolescents aged 12-18 from the United Kingdom, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and the Netherlands. Data were collected via an online survey administered through Qualtrics. The survey included validated measures such as the Illinois Bullying Scale (IBS) to measure bullying victimization, the Adolescent Self-Regulatory Inventory (ASRI) to measure self-regulation, and the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) to measure depression. The SPSS macro PROCESS was employed for data analysis, with model 4 used for testing the mediating effects of self-regulation and model 1 for assessing the moderating effects of gender and region. The results demonstrated significant associations between bullying victimization, self-regulation, and depressive symptoms. Self-regulation mediated the positive association between bullying victimization and depression, with notable variations across genders and regions. Specifically, male students in Hong Kong exhibited an increased susceptibility to depression when subjected to bullying. These findings underscore the protective role of self-regulation in mitigating the adverse effects of bullying victimization on adolescent mental health. Implications for interventions and prevention strategies targeting adolescent depression are discussed.