[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1349436.].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate, map, and synthesize evidence regarding the correlation between changes in binocular vision and fine motor skills among children.
METHODS: We conducted a scoping review of existing evidence, following the guidelines and checklist outlined in \"Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses - Scoping Reviews\" (PRISMAScR).
RESULTS: Sixteen papers were systematically included in our scoping review. A predominant focus was placed on assessing the impact of strabismus on motor skills. Most of the studies used motor test batteries for comprehensive analysis, while the remaining employed methodologies, such as questionnaires or laboratory-based tests.
CONCLUSIONS: Vision stands as a pivotal perceptual modality essential for the optimal development of children. Alterations in visual acuity can significantly affect fine motor skills. Pediatric ophthalmology and orthoptics frequently encounter binocular vision disorders, such as amblyopia and strabismus. Our finding showed that impaired binocular vision affects fine motor skills.

Background: Dyslexia, a neurodevelopmental disorder affecting reading skills, poses significant challenges to children\'s academic performance and quality of life. Despite its rising prevalence and adverse effects, understanding of its relationship with vision anomalies remains limited, particularly in low-resource settings like Nigeria. This study aims to assess the prevalence of binocular vision anomalies (BVAs) among children with and without dyslexia in Kano, Nigeria. Methods: This is a hospital-based, cross-sectional, matched-paired, controlled study conducted at the Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital (AKTH) Eye Clinic in Northern Nigeria. The study included school children who visited the AKTH Eye Clinic from January 2018 to December 2022. Visual acuity tests, external eye examinations and accommodative, binocular vision and oculomotor skills tests were conducted. Descriptive statistics, independent t-tests, Mann-Whitney U tests and Fisher\'s exact tests were conducted, with a significance level set at p < 0.05. Results: Forty-four children aged 12 ± 2 years participated. Children with dyslexia reported higher rates of visual symptoms than those without dyslexia, Blurring vision, visual distortion and eye strain were the most prevalent (p < 0.05) BV symptoms. Accommodative insufficiency), was the most common visual abnormality, and was significantly higher in children with dyslexia than those without dyslexia (45.5% vs. 18.2%). However, other visual anomalies showed no significant difference between groups. There was a high prevalence of binocular vision anomalies in both groups. Binocular test findings showed dyslexic children had significantly lower distance positive fusional vergence recovery values (p = 0.005). All cases of convergence insufficiency alone were found in the non-dyslexic group. Conclusions: The study found that children with dyslexia residing in Northern Nigeria demonstrated higher rates of visual symptoms, more accommodative insufficiency and lower distance positive fusional vergence recovery values compared to their non-dyslexic counterparts.

Amblyopia is the most frequent cause of monocular vision loss. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) has been used to improve several vision parameters of the amblyopic eye in adulthood. This study is relevant in order to evaluate TMS effects and to raise awareness of the need for further research. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is a neuromodulation technique capable of changing cortical excitability. In the last decade, it has been used to improve visual parameters in amblyopic patients. The main goal of this systematic review is to evaluate the influence of TMS in the amblyopic eye, in the visual parameters of amblyopic patients. Searches were done in PubMed and Embase databases, and a combined search strategy was performed using the following Mesh, EMBASE, and keywords: \'Amblyopia\', \'Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation\', and \'theta burst stimulation\'. This review included randomised controlled studies, descriptive cases, and clinical case studies with adult amblyopes. All articles that had any of the following characteristics were excluded: children or animal studies, reviews, pathologies other than amblyopia, and other techniques rather than repetitive TMS (rTMS), or Theta Burst Stimulation (TBS). A total of 42 articles were found, of which only four studies (46 amblyopes) meet the criteria above. Three of the articles found significant improvement after one session of continuous TBS (cTBS) in visual parameters like visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, suppressive imbalance, and stereoacuity. One study found a significant visual improvement with 10 Hz rTMS. Only one stimulation-related dropout was reported. The few existing studies found in this review seem to show that through the usage of high-frequency rTMS and cTBS, it is possible to re-balance the eyes of an adult amblyope. However, despite the promising results, further research with larger randomised double-blind studies is needed for a better understanding of this process.

Visual ranging technology holds great promise in various fields such as unmanned driving and robot navigation. However, complex dynamic environments pose significant challenges to its accuracy and robustness. Existing monocular visual ranging methods are susceptible to scale uncertainty, while binocular visual ranging is sensitive to changes in lighting and texture. To overcome the limitations of single visual ranging, this paper proposes a fusion method for monocular and binocular visual ranging based on an adaptive Unscented Kalman Filter (AUKF). The proposed method first utilizes a monocular camera to estimate the initial distance based on the pixel size, and then employs the triangulation principle with a binocular camera to obtain accurate depth. Building upon this foundation, a probabilistic fusion framework is constructed to dynamically fuse monocular and binocular ranging using the AUKF. The AUKF employs nonlinear recursive filtering to estimate the optimal distance and its uncertainty, and introduces an adaptive noise-adjustment mechanism to dynamically update the observation noise based on fusion residuals, thus suppressing outlier interference. Additionally, an adaptive fusion strategy based on depth hypothesis propagation is designed to autonomously adjust the noise prior of the AUKF by combining current environmental features and historical measurement information, further enhancing the algorithm\'s adaptability to complex scenes. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed method, comprehensive evaluations were conducted on large-scale public datasets such as KITTI and complex scene data collected in real-world scenarios. The quantitative results demonstrate that the fusion method significantly improves the overall accuracy and stability of visual ranging, reducing the average relative error within an 8 m range by 43.1% and 40.9% compared to monocular and binocular ranging, respectively. Compared to traditional methods, the proposed method significantly enhances ranging accuracy and exhibits stronger robustness against factors such as lighting changes and dynamic targets. The sensitivity analysis further confirmed the effectiveness of the AUKF framework and adaptive noise strategy. In summary, the proposed fusion method effectively combines the advantages of monocular and binocular vision, significantly expanding the application range of visual ranging technology in intelligent driving, robotics, and other fields while ensuring accuracy, robustness, and real-time performance.

This retrospective clinical study evaluates the results of surgical treatment of patients diagnosed with intermittent exotropia of the divergence excess type. The study compares the results of surgery delayed due to the Covid-19 pandemic (patients underwent the surgery after the age of eight), versus a group of younger children.
The objective angle of deviation and quality of binocular functions were examined. The follow-up period was six months after surgery. The patients were divided into two groups according to age: 4-7 years and 8-13 years. Each group included 20 patients. The second group comprised patients whose surgery was postponed due to restrictions on elective surgery during the ongoing pandemic. The surgery took place at the University Hospital in Pilsen. Angle of deviation and binocular functions were examined before surgery, postoperatively, and three and six months after surgery. Data were collected retrospectively and statistically processed. The main values were plotted in charts.
Accordance between the angle of deviation before surgery in both groups was statistically demonstrated. During the six-month follow-up period, the median angle of deviation was statistically without proof of disparity between the groups. Six months after surgery, an objective angle of deviation within the limit ±5 degrees was achieved in 65% of patients from the first group and in 75% from the second group. Binocular vision before surgery was statistically without proof of difference between both groups. However the statistical processing demonstrated a difference between the two groups six months after the surgery. Better binocular functions were achieved by the younger children in the first group.
The objective deviation angle was comparable in both study groups prior to surgery as well as six months after the surgery. The first group of younger patients attained a higher quality of binocular functions within the six-month follow-up period compared to children operated on after the age of eight. This claim was statistically verified.

This paper describes a novel bionic eye binocular vision system designed to mimic the natural movements of the human eye. The system provides a broader field of view and enhances visual perception in complex environments. Compared with similar bionic binocular cameras, the JEWXON BC200 bionic binocular camera developed in this study is more miniature. It consumes only 2.8 W of power, which makes it ideal for mobile robots. Combining axis and camera rotation enables more seamless panoramic image synthesis and is therefore suitable for self-rotating bionic binocular cameras. In addition, combined with the YOLO-V8 model, the camera can accurately recognize objects such as clocks and keyboards. This research provides new ideas for the development of robotic vision systems.

BACKGROUND: Visual function deficits have been reported in adolescents following concussion. We compared vergence and accommodation deficits in paediatric and adolescent patients at a tertiary medical centre in the sub-acute (15 days to 12 weeks) and chronic (12 weeks to 1 year) phases of concussion recovery.
METHODS: The study included patients aged 7 to <18 years seen between 2014 and 2021, who had a binocular vision (BV) examination conducted within 15 days and 1 year of their concussion injury. Included patients had to have 0.10 logMAR monocular best-corrected vision or better in both eyes and be wearing a habitual refractive correction. BV examinations at near included measurements of near point of convergence, convergence and divergence amplitudes, vergence facility, monocular accommodative amplitude and monocular accommodative facility. Vergence and accommodation deficits were diagnosed using established clinical criteria. Group differences were assessed using nonparametric statistics and ANCOVA modelling.
RESULTS: A total of 259 patients were included with 111 in the sub-acute phase and 148 in the chronic phase of concussion recovery. There was no significant difference in the rates of vergence deficits between the two phases of concussion recovery (sub-acute = 48.6%; chronic = 49.3%). There was also no significant difference in the rates of accommodation deficits between the two phases of concussion recovery (sub-acute = 82.0%; chronic = 77.0%).
CONCLUSIONS: Patients in both the sub-acute and chronic phases of concussion recovery exhibited a high frequency of vergence and accommodation deficits, with no significant differences between groups. Results indicate that patients exhibiting vision deficits in the sub-acute phase may not resolve without intervention, though a prospective, longitudinal study is required to test the hypothesis.

BACKGROUND: Dichoptic training has emerged as a promising rehabilitation approach for improving binocular visual function in patients with strabismus. A prospective observational study design was employed to assess the effectiveness of online video game-based dichoptic training in rehabilitating binocular visual function in patients who had undergone an operation for intermittent exotropia.
METHODS: A total of 64 patients who had undergone an operation for intermittent exotropia were recruited and divided into the training group and the control group based on whether they would receive the dichoptic training. The dichoptic training was conducted for 3 months in the training group and the control group would not accept any form of orthoptic therapy. Assessments of binocular visual functions and deviation were conducted at baseline, 3-month and 6-month follow-up.
RESULTS: Twenty-nine participants in the training group (mean 9.69 ± 2.66 years old) and 26 participants in the control group (mean 8.41 ± 2.64 years old) completed follow-up. At both 3- and 6-month follow-ups, the training group showed superior distance stereopsis compared to the control group, with near stereopsis only showing significant difference at the 6-month follow-up. Additionally, the training group exhibited significantly less distance exo-deviation drift than the control group at these times, and no significant difference was observed in near exo-deviation drift between the groups. The control group had a significantly higher rate of suboptimal surgical outcomes at both the 3- and 6-month follow-up. However, no significant differences were observed in simultaneous perception and fusion functions between the two groups.
CONCLUSIONS: Online video game-based dichoptic training has the potential to become a novel postoperative rehabilitation strategy for patients with intermittent exotropia.

OBJECTIVE: Clinicians measure the near point of convergence (NPC) and the amplitude of accommodation (AA) from the spectacle plane, the bridge of the nose or the lateral canthus when assessing visual function. These values are compared to standard clinical criteria to diagnose vergence and accommodation deficits, despite varying reference points. This prospective study explored measuring relative to the spectacle plane and from the lateral canthus for NPC and monocular AA, and the resulting clinical implications of diagnosing visual deficits.
METHODS: Participants were seen by a single clinician for an eye examination. NPC was measured from the forehead and the lateral canthus of the right eye. Monocular AA was measured from the brow and the lateral canthus. Differences between measurements were analysed using non-parametric statistical tests including Wilcoxon Signed Rank, as well as linear regression and a linear mixed effects model to adjust for inter-eye correlation and repeated measures. Chi-square tests were used to assess differences in rates of abnormal findings.
RESULTS: Data were collected from 70 participants (53% female, median age 13 [11-15] years). On average, measuring NPC from the lateral canthus yielded a value 1.8 cm higher than measuring from the forehead. Measuring AA from the lateral canthus resulted in an average difference of 1.5 cm compared to measuring from the brow. A total of 39% and 76% of subjects failed NPC compared to clinical norms when measured from the forehead or the lateral canthus, respectively, while 7% and 40% failed AA when measured from the brow or the lateral canthus, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS: With the variable anatomy of the eye, it is imperative to account for the measurement point when assessing visual function. Measuring from the lateral canthus greatly increased the failure rates for NPC and AA compared with measuring from the forehead and brow, respectively.