这项研究调查了由于药物活性化合物(PhACs)包括镇痛药的现状和可能的健康风险,抗生素,抗真菌药,抗炎药,精神病和心血管药物,和代谢物,在室内环境中。为了实现这一目标,2022年,总共从三种不同的西班牙室内环境中收集了85个灰尘样本:家庭,教室,和办公室。分析方法经过验证,符合SANTE/2020/12830和SANTE/12682/2019性能标准。除一个样品外,所有室内灰尘样品均至少有一个PhAC。尽管浓度范围从0.5m)表面上的灰尘之间的PhAC分布,但没有发现显着差异(p>0.05,Mann-WhitneyU检验)。然而,在三种类型的位置定量的浓度显示出显著差异(p<0.05,Kruskal-WallisH检验)。房屋原来是药物浓度较高的室内环境,尤其是对乙酰氨基酚(678ng/g,中位数)。这些药物的使用及其随后从体内的去除被确定为室内灰尘中的主要PhAC源。居住者习惯之间的关系,建筑特点,和/或药物消耗和PhAC浓度进行了研究。最后,由于浓度差异,吸入估计每日摄入量(EDI),计算了幼儿的摄入和皮肤吸附暴露途径,家庭中的青少年和成年人,教室和办公室分开。结果表明,吸尘是暴露的主要途径,在所有室内环境中贡献超过99%。此外,所有研究组的PhAC摄入量,在职业场所(教室和办公室)远低于家庭,在最坏的情况下(P95),对乙酰氨基酚(7%-12%)和克霉唑(4%-7%)获得的危害指数(HI)强调需要连续监测。
This study investigates the current situation and possible health risks due to pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) including analgesics, antibiotics, antifungals, anti-inflammatories, psychiatric and cardiovascular drugs, and metabolites, in indoor environments. To achieve this objective, a total of 85 dust samples were collected in 2022 from three different Spanish indoor environments: homes, classrooms, and offices. The analytical method was validated meeting SANTE/2020/12830 and SANTE/12682/2019 performance criteria. All indoor dust samples except one presented at least one PhAC. Although concentration levels ranged from < LOQ to 18 µg/g, only acetaminophen, thiabendazole, clotrimazole, and anhydroerythromycin showed quantification frequencies (Qf %) above 19% with median concentrations of 166 ng/g, 74 ng/g, 25 ng/g and 14 ng/g, respectively. The PhAC distribution between dust deposited on the floor and settled on elevated (> 0.5 m) surfaces was assessed but no significant differences (p > 0.05, Mann-Whitney U-test) were found. However, concentrations quantified at the three types of locations showed significant differences (p < 0.05, Kruskal-Wallis H-test). Homes turned out to be the indoor environment with higher pharmaceutical concentrations, especially acetaminophen (678 ng/g, median). The use of these medicines and their subsequent removal from the body were identified as the main PhAC sources in indoor dust. Relationships between occupant habits, building characteristics, and/or medicine consumption and PhAC concentrations were studied. Finally, on account of concentration differences, estimated daily intakes (EDIs) for inhalation, ingestion and dermal adsorption exposure pathways were calculated for toddlers, adolescents and adults in homes, classrooms and offices separately. Results proved that dust ingestion is the main route of exposure, contributing more than 99% in all indoor environments. Moreover, PhAC intakes for all studied groups, at occupational locations (classrooms and offices) are much lower than that obtained for homes, where hazard indexes (HIs) obtained for acetaminophen (7%-12%) and clotrimazole (4%-7%) at the worst scenario (P95) highlight the need for continuous monitoring.