Degradation kinetics

降解动力学
  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    滥用含染料废水造成的水污染导致严重的生态风险。常规废水处理方法存在降解不完全的缺点,长时间处理和二次污染。第一次,一个旋转的水动力空化反应器(RHCR)配备了一个锥形转子,以提高臭氧氧化过程的污染物的有效降解。转速的影响,放电电压,气体流量,研究了液体流速和初始pH对亚甲基蓝(MB)降解的影响。优化条件为初始pH=9,转速=1800rpm,放电电压=9.3kV,气体流速=60mL/min,液体流速=80mL/min。随着臭氧和空化在RHCR中的整合,MB降解效率达到95.2%,比单独臭氧化法提高15.6%。降解过程被证明可以跟踪一级动力学模型,反应速率和协同指数分别为0.232min-1和1.78。通过淬火实验,可以证实,由于空化作用的增强,羟基自由基在降解过程中的贡献比例增加了8.7%。计算出74.7kWh/order/m3的所需能耗和8.7$/m3的总费用。RHCR的能耗比最近报道的结合臭氧化和空化的降解系统低约80%,总费用减少了52%。本文的研究结果提供了一种新的水处理方法,为RHCR的设计提供了理论参考。
    Water pollution caused by an abusive discharge of dye-containing wastewater leads to serious ecological risks. Conventional wastewater treatment methods have shortcomings of incomplete degradation, long-time treatment and secondary pollution. For the first time, a rotational hydrodynamic cavitation reactor (RHCR) equipped with a conical rotor has been designed to enhance the ozonation process for effective degradation of pollutants. The effects of rotational speed, discharge voltage, gas flow rate, liquid flow rate and initial pH on methylene blue (MB) degradation were deeply investigated. The optimised conditions were initial pH = 9, rotational speed = 1800 rpm, discharge voltage = 9.3 kV, gas flow rate = 60 mL/min and liquid flow rate = 80 mL/min. With the integration of ozonation and cavitation in RHCR, the MB degradation efficiency reached 95.2%, which was 15.6% higher than that of the individual ozonation method. The degradation process was proven to track the first-order kinetic model, with the reaction rate and synergy index were 0.232 min-1 and 1.78, respectively. Through the quenching experiments, it can be confirmed that the contribution proportion of hydroxyl radical during degradation was increased by 8.7% due to the enhancement of cavitation. A required energy consumption of 74.7 kWh/order/m3 and a total expense of 8.7 $/m3 were calculated. The energy consumption of the RHCR was approximately 80% lower than that of the recently reported degradation system combining ozonation and cavitation, with total expense reduced by 52%. The findings of this work provide a new water treatment method and offered theoretical references for the design of RHCR.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    浆果是天然抗氧化剂化合物的丰富来源,对轮廓至关重要,因为它们增加了营养价值。然而,基质的复杂性和这些化合物的结构多样性对萃取和色谱分离提出了挑战。通过依靠多元曲线分辨率交替最小二乘(MCR-ALS)从复杂的光谱混合物中提取成分的能力,我们的研究评估了各种提取技术对干扰的贡献,可提取性,和使用液相色谱二极管阵列检测(LC-DAD)数据定量不同组的重叠化合物。此外,这些方法的组合扩展了其适用性,以评估储存的浆果冰沙中的多酚降解,其中进化因素分析(EFA)也用于阐明降解产物。结果表明,在提取技术中,在甲醇中使用1%甲酸的超声辅助萃取对不同的酚类化合物基团表现出优异的萃取性和选择性。与加压液体提取和离心的新鲜浆果冰沙相比。在LC-DAD数据上使用MCR-ALS能够可靠地估计具有高光谱重叠的化合物类别的总量。降解研究揭示了对花色苷的显着温度依赖性影响,在室温下储存7个月后至少有50%的降解,而冷藏和冷冻在至少12个月内保持相当的稳定性。EFA模型估计酚类衍生物是主要的可能降解产物。这些发现提高了量化多酚化合物和了解其在浆果产品储存过程中的稳定性的可靠性。
    Berries are a rich source of natural antioxidant compounds, which are essential to profile, as they add to their nutritional value. However, the complexity of the matrix and the structural diversity of these compounds pose challenges in extraction and chromatographic separation. By relying on multivariate curve resolution alternating least squares (MCR-ALS) ability to extract components from complex spectral mixtures, our study evaluates the contributions of various extraction techniques to interference, extractability, and quantifying different groups of overlapping compounds using liquid chromatography diode array detection (LC-DAD) data. Additionally, the combination of these methods extends its applicability to evaluate polyphenol degradation in stored berry smoothies, where evolving factor analysis (EFA) is also used to elucidate degradation products. Results indicate that among the extraction techniques, ultrasonication-assisted extraction employing 1% formic acid in methanol demonstrated superior extractability and selectivity for the different phenolic compound groups, compared with both pressurized liquid extraction and centrifugation of the fresh berry smoothie. Employing MCR-ALS on the LC-DAD data enabled reliable estimation of total amounts of compound classes with high spectral overlaps. Degradation studies revealed significant temperature-dependent effects on anthocyanins, with at least 50% degradation after 7 months of storage at room temperature, while refrigeration and freezing maintained fair stability for at least 12 months. The EFA model estimated phenolic derivatives as the main possible degradation products. These findings enhance the reliability of quantifying polyphenolic compounds and understanding their stability during the storage of berry products.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    两个快速,简单,已开发出灵敏和选择性的导数荧光光谱法(一阶和二阶导数同步荧光光谱法(FDSFS和SDSFS)程序),用于在存在各种降解产物的情况下分析氟苯尼考。FDSFS用于在碱性存在下测定药物,氧化和光解降解产物,而SDSFS用于在其酸性降解产物存在下对其进行定量。这些方法允许在相应的288、287、279和284nm的λEm下定量氟苯尼考,而不受其任何降解产物的干扰。根据国际协调会议指南,对建议的方法应用了完整的验证程序。此外,计算了不同的降解动力学参数,如半衰期(t1/2),降解速率常数(K)和活化能(Ea)。使用分析生态尺度,绿色分析程序指数和分析绿色度度量方法同意作为绿色度评估工具,所提出的方法被认为是环境友好的。
    Two rapid, simple, sensitive and selective derivative spectrofluorimetric methods (first and second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetric (FDSFS and SDSFS) procedures) have been developed for the analysis of florfenicol in the presence of its various degradation products. FDSFS was applied to assay the drug in the presence of its alkaline, oxidative and photolytic degradation products while SDSFS was used to quantify it in the presence of its acidic degradation product. These methods permitted quantification of florfenicol at corresponding λ Em of 288, 287, 279 and 284 nm without interferences from any of its degradation products. Full validation procedures were applied to the suggested method according to International Conference of Harmonization guidelines. Moreover, different degradation kinetic parameters were calculated such as half-life (t 1/2), degradation rate constant (K) and activation energy (E a). Using the analytical eco-scale, green analytical procedure index and analytical greenness metric approach AGREE as greenness assessment tools, the proposed method was found to be environmentally friendly.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    电催化耦合生物滤池(EBF)技术有机地融合了电化学和微生物氧化还原的特点,为有效提高生物处理性能提供思路。在这项研究中,开发了一种EBF系统,用于增强污染水中环己酮的降解。实验结果表明,该系统能有效去除污染水中的环己酮。在最优参数下,环己酮的去除率,TP,NH4+-N和TN为97.61±1.31%,76.31±1.67%,分别为94.14±2.13%和95.87±1.01%。降解动力学研究发现,电解,吸附,而生物降解途径在环己酮的降解中起主要作用。微生物群落分析表明,电压可以影响微生物群落的结构,优势属从Acidovorax(0V)转移到Brevundimonas(0.7V)。此外,Acidovorax,Cupriavidus,Ralstonia,和hydrogenophaga在生物膜中具有很高的丰度,可以有效地代谢环己酮及其中间体,有利于环己酮的去除。总之,该研究可指导高稳定性EBF系统的开发和建设,有望用于含环己酮工业废水的深度处理。
    Electrocatalytic coupled biofilter (EBF) technology organically integrates the characteristics of electrochemistry and microbial redox, providing ideas for effectively improving biological treatment performance. In this study, an EBF system was developed for enhanced degradation of cyclohexanone in contaminated water. Experimental results show that the system can effectively remove cyclohexanone in contaminated water. Under the optimal parameters, the removal rates of cyclohexanone, TP, NH4+-N and TN were 97.61 ± 1.31%, 76.31 ± 1.67%, 94.14 ± 2.13% and 95.87 ± 1.01% respectively. Degradation kinetics studies found that electrolysis, adsorption, and biodegradation pathways play a major role in the degradation of cyclohexanone. Microbial community analysis indicates that voltage can affect the structure of the microbial community, with the dominant genera shifting from Acidovorax (0 V) to Brevundimonas (0.7 V). Additionally, Acidovorax, Cupriavidus, Ralstonia, and Hydrogenophaga have high abundance in the biofilm and can effectively metabolize cyclohexanone and its intermediates, facilitating the removal of cyclohexanone. In summary, this research can guide the development and construction of highly stable EBF systems and is expected to be used for advanced treatment of industrial wastewater containing cyclohexanone.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    氯化挥发性有机化合物(Cl-VOCs)具有显著的生物毒性和环境持久性由于氯原子的存在,严重危害生态安全和人类健康。二氯甲烷(DCM)作为模型污染物,广泛应用于溶剂中,制药中的萃取剂和清洁剂,化工和食品工业。在这项研究中,在微生物电解槽(MEC)中获得了高度生物相容性和导电性的碳-氮化钛-聚苯胺(CC-TiN-PANI)生物电极,用于DCM降解。证实了TiN和PANI在电极表面上的良好粘附。用Haldane模型拟合降解动力学,与CC生物电极(0.8h-1)相比,CC-TiN(1.4h-1)和CC-TiN-PANI(2.2h-1)生物电极的最大降解速率与半饱和浓度(Vmax/Km)的比例分别提高了1.8和2.8倍,分别。微生物群落结构分析表明,生物膜上的优势属是脂类和赤霉属,随着TiN和PANI的改性,丰度显著增强。DCM脱氯为甲醛可由DCM脱卤酶(DcmA)或卤代烷脱卤酶(DhlA)催化。并进一步氧化为甲酸盐:1)甲醛脱氢酶(FdhA)直接催化;2)通过S-(羟甲基)-谷胱甘肽合酶(Gfa)与谷胱甘肽偶联,S-(羟甲基)-谷胱甘肽脱氢酶(FrmA)和S-甲酰-谷胱甘肽水解酶(FrmB);3)与四氢叶酸(H4F)和/或四氢甲烷蝶呤偶联。
    Chlorinated volatile organic compounds (Cl-VOCs) have dramatically biotoxicity and environmental persistence due to the presence of chlorine atoms, seriously jeopardizing ecological security and human health. Dichloromethane (DCM) as a model pollutant, is widely applied in solvents, extractants and cleaning agents in the pharmaceutical, chemical and food industries. In this study, highly biocompatible and conductive carbon cloth-titanium nitride-polyaniline (CC-TiN-PANI) bioelectrodes were obtained for DCM degradation in microbial electrolysis cell (MEC). The good adhesion of TiN and PANI on the electrode surface was demonstrated. The degradation kinetics were fitted by the Haldane model, compared to the CC bioelectrode (0.8 h-1), the proportion of maximum degradation rates to half-saturation concentration (Vmax/Km) of CC-TiN (1.4 h-1) and CC-TiN-PANI (2.2 h-1) bioelectrodes were enhanced by 1.8 and 2.8 times, respectively. Microbial community structure analysis illuminated that the dominant genera on the biofilm were Alicycliphilus and Hyphomicrobium, and the abundance was enhanced significantly with the modification of TiN and PANI. The dechlorination of DCM to formaldehyde could be catalyzed by DCM dehalogenase (DcmA) or by haloalkane dehalogenase (DhlA). And further oxidized to formate: 1) direct catalyzed by formaldehyde dehydrogenase (FdhA); 2) conjugated with glutathione by S-(hydroxymethyl)-glutathione synthase (Gfa), S-(hydroxymethyl)-glutathione dehydrogenase (FrmA) and S-formyl-glutathione hydrolase (FrmB); 3) conjugation with tetrahydrofolate (H4F) and/or tetrahydromethanopterin.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    SolarFenton是一种重要且广泛使用的高级氧化工艺(AOP),用于降解药物污染物。本研究的目的是评估混合污染物(阿莫西林,对乙酰氨基酚,和环丙沙星)用于使用太阳能Fenton工艺的水溶液。操作参数,如pH,铁剂量,H2O2剂量,污染物浓度,研究了时间。从实验结果来看,获得了去除混合污染物的理想条件,如pH3,Fe2+0.04mM,H2O24mM,混合污染物的浓度为5mg/L,太阳辐射400W/m2,时间10分钟,分别。利用伪一级动力学研究了混合污染物的降解效率。研究结果表明,混合污染物的降解效率>99%。观察到最大63%的矿化,和羟基自由基清除剂的效果进行了研究。最佳条件用于评估加标废水(市政废水(MWW)和医院废水(HWW))。AMX的最高消除率,ACET,和CIP为65%,89%,MWW占85%,76%,92%,HWW占80%,分别。通过LC-ESI-MS在水基质(水溶液和加标废水)中检测降解的副产物,并对转化产物进行了ECOSAR分析。研究得出的结论是,太阳能Fenton技术对于去除水基质中的混合污染物是有前途且有效的。
    Solar Fenton is an important and extensively used advanced oxidation process (AOP) to degrade pharmaceutical pollutants. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of simultaneous degradation of the mixed pollutants (amoxicillin, acetaminophen, and ciprofloxacin) for an aqueous solution using the solar Fenton process. Operating parameters such as pH, iron doses, H2O2 doses, pollutant concentrations, and time were studied. From the experimental results, the ideal conditions were obtained for the removal of mixed pollutants such as pH 3, Fe2+ 0.04 mM, H2O2 4 mM, the concentration of the mixed pollutants 5 mg/L, solar radiation 400 W/m2, and time 10 min, respectively. The pseudo-first-order kinetics were utilized to investigate the degradation efficacy of the mixed pollutants. The result of the study indicates that the degradation efficiency was > 99% for the mixed pollutants. A maximum of 63% mineralization was observed, and hydroxyl radical scavenger effects were studied. The best optimal conditions were applied to assess the spiked wastewater (municipal wastewater (MWW) and hospital wastewater (HWW)). The highest elimination rates for AMX, ACET, and CIP were observed as 65%, 89%, and 85% for MWW and 76%, 92%, and 80% for HWW, respectively. The degraded by-products were detected by LC-ESI-MS in the water matrix (aqueous solution and spiked wastewater), and ECOSAR analysis was performed for the transformed products. The study concluded that the solar Fenton technique is promising and effective for the removal of mixed pollutants from the water matrix.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    使用支链淀粉和乳清蛋白分离物(WPI)作为重量比为20:80的复合基质,采用喷雾干燥和冷冻干燥技术,研究了β-胡萝卜素的包封。墙体材料浓度等加工参数的影响,流量,和SP密封剂的入口温度,以及FZ密封剂的壁材料浓度,在包封效率(EE)方面进行了检查。形态学,结构表征,吸湿等温线,确定了在最佳条件下所得密封剂的热性能。在各种水活度下研究了它们的稳定性,温度条件,和暴露于UV-Vis照射。β-胡萝卜素被有效地包封在SP和FZ结构中,导致约85%和70%的EE,分别。β-胡萝卜素在两种结构中的降解动力学遵循一级反应模型,在所有存储温度下,在中等水活度水平(aw=0.53)下发生的速率常数最高(SP为0.0128天1,FZ为0.165天1)。光稳定性测试表明,SP包封剂将β-胡萝卜素的半衰期延长至336.02h,与FZ密封剂的102.44h相比,在UV-Vis照射下。这些发现突出了SP封装剂在功能性食品中的应用潜力,制药,和类胡萝卜素补充剂。
    The encapsulation of β-carotene was investigated using pullulan and whey protein isolate (WPI) as a composite matrix at a weight ratio of 20:80, employing both spray-drying and freeze-drying techniques. The influence of processing parameters such as the concentration of wall material, flow rate, and inlet temperature for SP encapsulants, as well as wall-material concentration for FZ encapsulants, was examined in terms of encapsulation efficiency (EE). The morphology, structural characterization, moisture sorption isotherms, and thermal properties of the resulting encapsulants at optimum conditions were determined. Their stability was investigated under various levels of water activity, temperature conditions, and exposure to UV-Vis irradiation. β-carotene was efficiently encapsulated within SP and FZ structures, resulting in EE of approximately 85% and 70%, respectively. The degradation kinetics of β-carotene in both structures followed a first-order reaction model, with the highest rate constants (0.0128 day-1 for SP and 0.165 day-1 for FZ) occurring at an intermediate water-activity level (aw = 0.53) across all storage temperatures. The photostability tests showed that SP encapsulants extended β-carotene\'s half-life to 336.02 h, compared with 102.44 h for FZ encapsulants, under UV-Vis irradiation. These findings highlight the potential of SP encapsulants for applications in functional foods, pharmaceuticals, and carotenoid supplements.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    在土壤中研究了柴油降解和细菌生长,海水,和使用鲍曼不动杆菌IITG19,ProvidenciavermicolaIITG20及其混合培养物的淡水生态系统。发现这两种细菌在所有三个生态系统中都有效,最好的降解发生在淡水中。鲍曼不动杆菌IITG19表现出更高的降解(59%,62%,和76%)比普罗维登西亚维米科拉IITG20(31%,57%,和67%)在土壤中,海水,淡水,分别。两种菌株的烷烃降解均高于环烷烃和芳烃。在所有生态系统中,混合培养物显示出比单个菌株更高的柴油降解效率。土壤和海水的总体降解相似(66%),而淡水的降解率最高,达81%。在混合文化的存在下,烷烃的降解率在90%以上。对于细菌和混合培养物,淡水中的细菌生长最高,土壤中的细菌生长最低。代谢物分析证实了烷烃的醇降解和环烷烃的环醇降解。混合培养的降解率高于两个单独菌株的降解率。混合培养物在淡水中的降解速率常数为0.11天-1,其次是海洋生态系统中的降解速率常数为0.078天-1。土壤生态系统的速率常数在0.066天1时最低。因此,混合培养在所有三个生态系统中都显示出有效性,在淡水生态系统中观察到最高的有效性。
    Diesel degradation and bacterial growth were investigated in soil, marine water, and freshwater ecosystems using Acinetobacter baumannii IITG19, Providencia vermicola IITG20, and their mixed culture. Both bacteria were found to be effective in all three ecosystems, with the best degradation occurring in freshwater. Acinetobacter baumannii IITG19 showed higher degradation (59%, 62%, and 76%) than Providencia vermicola IITG20 (31%, 57%, and 67%) in soil, marine water, and freshwater, respectively. Alkanes showed higher degradation than naphthenes and aromatics for both strains. The mixed culture showed higher diesel degradation efficiency than individual strains in all ecosystems. The overall degradation was similar in soil and marine water (66%), while freshwater showed the highest degradation of 81%. In the presence of the mixed culture, the degradation of alkanes was more than 90%. Bacterial growth was highest in freshwater and lowest in soil for both bacteria and the mixed culture. Metabolite analysis confirmed alcoholic degradation for alkanes and cyclo-alcoholic degradation for naphthenes. The degradation rate for mixed culture was higher than that of both the individual strains. The mixed culture had highest degradation rate constant in freshwater at 0.11 day-1 followed by that in marine ecosystem at 0.078 day-1. The rate constant was lowest for soil ecosystem at 0.066 day-1. Thus the mixed culture showed effectiveness in all three ecosystems, with its highest effectiveness observed in the freshwater ecosystem.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    这项研究是为了观察储存条件,如溶剂和温度,红a菜(Amaranthusgangeticus)中番茄红素的含量和降解动力学。使用提取的番茄红素制备果冻,理化性质和番茄红素含量。用己烷提取获得最大番茄红素量的提取物,丙酮和乙醇(2:1:1),50±9mg/kg。在整个储存期间,在己烷丙酮(6:4)溶剂中,与环境温度相比,在冷藏温度下观察到更高的番茄红素降解。在这个时期,番茄红素的初始浓度为17±8mg/kg,而在存储时间结束时,发现为3.0±0.8mg/kg。因此,结果表明,己烷,丙酮,和乙醇(比例为2:1:1)溶剂法在冷藏温度下从红a菜中提取和纯化番茄红素是可行的。该番茄红素可用作天然着色剂和增值产品。然而,值得注意的是,番茄红素也可以通过重结晶进行提取和纯化,柱层析,和薄层色谱(TLC)方法。使用红a菜番茄红素的冬瓜果冻含有29.6%的水分,灰分0.67%,酸度0.35%,还原糖26.8%,非还原糖35.4%,总可溶性固体66°白利糖度和番茄红素含量26.04mg/kg。在面包店制备过程中正确利用红a菜中提取的番茄红素,糖果,婴儿食品等。,可以帮助和鼓励该国小规模工业的发展。
    This study was conducted to observe the storage conditions, such as solvent and temperature, of lycopene content and degradation kinetics from red amaranth (Amaranthus gangeticus). Jelly was prepared using the extracted lycopene, the physicochemical properties and lycopene content. The extract with the maximum amount of lycopene was obtained by extraction with hexane, acetone and ethanol (2:1:1),50 ± 9 mg/kg. Higher lycopene degradation was observed at refrigerated temperature as compared to ambient temperature in hexane acetone (6:4) solvent throughout the storage periods. In this period, the initial lycopene concentration was measured to be 17 ± 8 mg/kg, whereas at the end of the storage time, it was found to be 3.0 ± 0.8 mg/kg. Hence, the results indicate that the hexane, acetone, and ethanol (in a ratio of 2:1:1) solvent method is viable for extracting and purifying lycopene from red amaranth at refrigerated temperature. This lycopene can serve as both a natural colorant and a value-added product. However, it is worth noting that lycopene can also be extracted and purified using recrystallization, column chromatography, and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) methods. The Winter melon jelly using lycopene from red amaranth contained moisture 29.6 %, ash 0.67 %, acidity 0.35 %, reducing sugar 26.8 %, non-reducing sugar 35.4 %, total soluble solid 66°brix and lycopene content 26.04 mg/kg. Proper utilization of lycopene extracted from red amaranth during the preparation of bakery, confectionary, baby food etc., may help and encourage the development of small-scale industries in the country.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    寡核苷酸治疗领域正在迅速发展,特别是对抗孤儿疾病和癌症。然而,寡核苷酸的内在不稳定性,尤其是RNA,面对细胞内和循环中遇到的恶劣条件,提出了重大挑战。因此,在开发寡核苷酸疗法时,评估血清中寡核苷酸的稳定性具有重要意义。该协议概述了一种可靠且可重复的制备寡核苷酸双链体的方法,再加上凝胶电泳确认。随后,该方案定义了一种机制来评估血清中寡核苷酸双链体的稳定性。该协议旨在为研究人员建立标准化的参考,使他们能够比较各种修饰对寡核苷酸稳定性的影响,并有效评估降解动力学。主要特点•适用于小干扰RNA(siRNA),microRNA(miRNA),反义寡核苷酸(ASO),和其他未修饰和修饰的寡核苷酸。•不需要任何生物安全级别的清除,并提供了一个快速,成本效益高,完全在体外程序。•允许研究人员评估多种修改模式,当与目标活动相结合时,允许在体内分析之前选择最佳的修饰模式。
    The field of oligonucleotide therapeutics is rapidly advancing, particularly for combating orphan diseases and cancer. However, the intrinsic instability of oligonucleotides, especially RNA, poses a substantial challenge in the face of the harsh conditions encountered intracellularly and in circulation. Therefore, evaluating the stability of oligos in serum is of great significance when developing oligonucleotide therapeutics. This protocol outlines a dependable and reproducible method for preparing oligonucleotide duplexes, coupled with confirmation by gel electrophoresis. Subsequently, the protocol defines a mechanism to assess the stability of the oligo duplexes in serum. This protocol seeks to establish a standardized reference for researchers, enabling them to compare the impact of various modifications on oligo stability and assess the degradation kinetics effectively. Key features • Adaptable for use with small interfering RNA (siRNA), microRNA (miRNA), antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), and other unmodified and modified oligonucleotides. • Does not necessitate any Biological Safety Level clearance and offers a rapid, cost-effective, and entirely in vitro procedure. • Allows researchers to evaluate multiple modification patterns that, when coupled with targeting activity, allow for selecting the best modification pattern prior to in vivo analysis.
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