Varroa析构函数Anderson和Trueman(Acari:Varroidae)在现代养蜂中具有至关重要的意义,感染是直接影响殖民地健康的主要挑战,生产力,和整体养蜂业的可持续性。为了控制这种螨,许多养蜂人依靠数量有限的批准合成杀螨剂,包括拟除虫菊酯tau-fluvalinate,氯氰菊酯和有机磷酸酯香豆磷。然而,这些物质的过度使用导致全球各个养蜂地区普遍出现抗药性。在本研究中,电压门控钠通道(VGSC)和乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)中抗性突变的发生,拟除虫菊酯和库马福司的目标位点,分别,在整个图尔基耶的安纳托利亚东南部和东部地区收集的瓦罗亚种群中进行了检查。所有瓦螨样本都属于韩国单倍型,并且基于细胞色素c氧化酶亚基I(COI)基因序列观察到非常低的遗传距离。在AChE的关键残基处没有确定氨基酸取代。另一方面,三个氨基酸取代,(L925V/I/M),以前与拟除虫菊酯抗性有关,在近80%的土耳其人口中被发现。重要的是,L925M,美国的显性突变,首次在土耳其瓦螨种群中发现。为了获得更全面的视角,我们对拟除虫菊酯抗性突变在欧洲的分布进行了系统分析,根据先前报告的数据。来自地中海国家的Varroa种群,例如Türkiye,西班牙,希腊表现出最高的抗性突变频率。揭示全国V.destructor种群中拟除虫菊酯抗性突变的发生和地理分布将促进更有效的螨管理策略的发展。
Varroa destructor Anderson & Trueman (Acari: Varroidae) is of paramount significance in modern beekeeping, with infestations presenting a primary challenge that directly influences colony health, productivity, and overall apicultural sustainability. In order to control this mite, many beekeepers rely on a limited number of approved synthetic acaricides, including the pyrethroids tau-fluvalinate, flumethrin and organophosphate coumaphos. However, the excessive use of these substances has led to the widespread development of resistance in various beekeeping areas globally. In the present study, the occurrence of resistance mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE), the target-site of pyrethroids and coumaphos, respectively, was examined in Varroa populations collected throughout the southeastern and eastern Anatolia regions of Türkiye. All Varroa samples belonged to the Korean haplotype, and a very low genetic distance was observed based on cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene sequences. No amino acid substitutions were determined at the key residues of AChE. On the other hand, three amino acid substitutions, (L925V/I/M), previously associated with pyrethroid resistance, were identified in nearly 80% of the Turkish populations. Importantly, L925M, the dominant mutation in the USA, was detected in Turkish Varroa populations for the first time. To gain a more comprehensive perspective, we conducted a systematic analysis of the distribution of pyrethroid resistance mutations across Europe, based on the previously reported data. Varroa populations from Mediterranean countries such as Türkiye, Spain, and Greece exhibited the highest frequency of resistance mutation. Revealing the occurrence and geographical distribution of pyrethroid resistance mutations in V. destructor populations across the country will enhance the development of more efficient strategies for mite management.