We examined the sexual double standard (SDS) toward sexually active gay men and lesbian women and the role that participants\' masculinity and femininity played in their evaluations. We hypothesized that there would be a reverse SDS in which highly sexually active lesbian women would be evaluated positively and highly sexually active gay men negatively, with both being evaluated more negatively than less sexually active gay men and lesbians. We also hypothesized that masculinity would moderate this effect, with participant masculinity being positively related to stronger negative evaluations of highly sexually active gay targets and more positive evaluations of highly sexually active lesbian targets. Results indicate a weak SDS in the areas of likability and morality, with highly sexually active lesbians being liked by masculine participants the most and highly sexually active gay men being rated as the least moral. The SDS appears to be influenced by expectations of gender roles and may be reversed for gay men and lesbian women because of these expectations.

The Proteus effect is a phenomenon found in over 60 studies where people tend to conform behaviorally to their avatars\' identity characteristics, especially in virtual reality. This study extends research on the Proteus effect to consider organization-representing avatars and misogynistic behavioral outcomes. Male participants (N = 141) in a lab experiment embodied a set of pretested avatars which varied in level of association with a university mascot (i.e., color and body type) in a bespoke virtual reality simulation designed to elicit misogynistic behavior. Namely, participants were directed to place a hand on virtual agents\' body parts, including the buttocks (i.e., a transgressive misogynistic act). Time delay in complying with directions to touch the agents\' buttocks served as an implicit measure of resistance to this misogynistic behavior. Results suggest that within moderately masculine body-size avatar users, those who embodied a university-color-associated avatar exhibited more misogynistic behaviors (i.e., faster buttocks-touching). Unexpectedly, this effect of avatar color was not apparent within the hypermasculine body-size avatars, and within the university-associated color condition, hypermasculine body-type was associated with less misogynistic behavior. These findings suggest that organization-representing avatars may induce behavioral conformity to implicit attitudes associated with the organization, such as misogyny.

Counterstereotypes challenge the deleterious effects that gender-typed beliefs exert on people\'s occupational aspirations and lifestyle choices. Surprisingly, however, the critical issue of how readily unexpected person-related knowledge can be acquired remains poorly understood. Accordingly, in two experiments in which the facial appearance of targets was varied to manipulate goodness-of-stereotype-fit (i.e., high vs. low femininity/masculinity), here we used a probabilistic selection task to probe the rate at which counter-stereotypic and stereotypic individuals can be learned. Whether occupational (Expt. 1) or trait-related (Expt. 2) gender stereotypes were explored, a computational analysis yielded consistent results. Underscoring the potency of surprising information (i.e., facial misfits), knowledge acquisition was accelerated for unexpected compared to expected persons, both in counter-stereotypic and stereotypic learning contexts. These findings affirm predictive accounts of social perception and speak to the optimal characteristics of interventions designed to reduce stereotyping outside the laboratory.

UNASSIGNED: Being bullied is a profoundly distressing experience for children and adolescents, with the potential for adverse mental and behavioral outcomes throughout their adult years. This study aims to explore the association between juvenile bullying, self-esteem, loneliness, and social media addiction among men across three generational cohorts: X, Y, and Z.
UNASSIGNED: The study utilized an online survey, administering structured questionnaires to 797 men aged 18-58 divided into three generational cohorts: 142 individuals from Gen X (born between 1965 and 1980), 275 from Gen Y (born between 1981 and 1996), and 380 from Gen Z (born between 1997 and 2005).
UNASSIGNED: The findings demonstrate that across all three generations, there was a positive correlation between experiencing bullying in one\'s youth and social media addiction in adulthood. Among Gen X, self-esteem did not act as a mediator in this relationship, nor did loneliness moderate the links between bullying and social media addiction, or between self-esteem and social media addiction. However, for Gen Y and Z, self-esteem was found to mediate the relationship between bullying and social media addiction. Loneliness moderated the association between self-esteem and social media addiction in Gen Y and the association between bullying and social media addiction in Gen Z.
UNASSIGNED: The differences observed among generational cohorts can be attributed to changes in masculinity norms, the evolution of bullying types, and the rapid development of social media platforms, catering to the distinct needs and gratifications of each generation.

Masculinity is validated as a protective factor in mental health for gay population. However, potential mediators between masculinity and mental health remain unclear. Mindfulness, as one of the individual\'s traits has been proved to play an essential role on mental health. Yet the correlation between mindfulness and masculinity has barely been examined, and whether mindfulness could serve as a key mediator to explain the protective effect masculinity bringing to mental health for gay men remains unknown. To test this hypothesis, we recruited 210 gay men in China to conduct online questionnaires containing scales of FFMQ, BSRI, DASS-21 and demographic features. Based on mediation analysis, we found among gay men, mindfulness significantly mediates the negative relationship between masculinity and stress (SIE (standardized indirect effect) = -.20, 95% CI [-.28 -.11]), anxiety (SIE = -.17, 95% CI [-.26 -.09]) and depression (SIE = -.20, 95% CI [-.29 -.11]). Furthermore, by decomposing sub-dimensions of mindfulness, we found both \"describing\" and \"acting with awareness\" exhibit significant mediation effects between masculinity and mental distress. We further found \"being analytical\", one key sub-dimension of masculinity, positively correlates with mindful describing (r = .369, p < .001). Our results indicate that trait mindfulness serves as a core mediator between masculinity and mental health, the key trait in masculinity (being analytical) closely connects with the essential element of mindfulness (describing) and low in masculinity might undermine gay men\'s abilities of acting with awareness (staying focused). Our findings may also shed light on developing gay men-aimed mindfulness-based clinical interventions.

While far-right movements are commonly associated with masculinity and women are in the minority, it is notable that they often play significant roles within these movements. To deepen our understanding of the motivations behind women\'s participation, this study challenges Blee\'s argument that women\'s motivations for participating are shaped by their interactions with other members. By using the psychosocial method devised by Hollway and Jefferson and developed by Gadd, the present study argues that women\'s pre-participation experiences can play a vital part in drawing them to the movements. Through analyzing the life stories of six far-right women in Japan and conducting an in-depth case study of three of them, the study aims to uncover a wide range of experiences that may initially appear unrelated to far-right ideology but ultimately led these subjects to become involved in far-right movements. It highlights the importance of paying attention to their complex subjectivities, which are formed by the interplay between their unique trajectories and societal transitions concerning gender norms, particularly within the era of neoliberal \"emancipation.\" The study finds that the duality of far-right movements, which combine conservatism with deviance, enables some women to express paradoxical desires that they experience in response to living through a transitional era.

It is a common assumption that human behavior is guided by a desire to feel safe and avoid harm. However, this view is challenged by the popularity of high-risk leisure sport and other practices that involve subjecting oneself to a considerable danger with no apparent gain. By using real-contact stick fighting as an example, I suggest that the attractiveness of at least some such practices can be explained by cognitive dynamics that are typical of affectively intense rituals such as initiations. Affectively intense rituals are known to enhance personal meaning-making and foster identity fusion, that is, the overlapping of personal and social identities. The sense of meaning thus engendered effectively satisfies common identity motives and thus elicits positive affect. By introducing ritual studies perspectives into the edgework paradigm that is commonly used to conceptualize voluntary risk taking, I contribute to an increased understanding of the cognitive processes motivating participation in extreme leisure sport.

As notions of masculinity evolve globally, it is important to understand their dimensions within geographic regions and life contexts. African men\'s involvement in their partners\'pregnancy and childbirth has been explored to a limited extent in the peer-reviewed literature. This analysis provides a comprehensive examination of the existing literature on the diverse experiences of fathers across the African continent.
This study aims to provide an overview of fathers\' experience of involvement in their partners\' pregnancies andchildbirth in Africa.
A systematic integrative literature review guided the process. The review comprised problem identification, literature search, data evaluation, data analysis and presentation of results. Systematic searches were conducted in the Cinahl, PubMed and Scopus databases.
The search identified 70 articles of which 31, relating to 11 African countries, were used. Of these, 20 were qualitative, 9 were quantitative and 2 were mixed-methods studies. Men\'s alienation from health services, and traditional gender norms that discourage fathers\' supportive role during pregnancy were prevalent themes. Financial pressures also dominated fathers\'experiences. At the same time, in 18 studies fathers expressed motivation to be involved partners and supportive fathers, despite stigma and exclusion from maternity services.
This integrative review shows that fathers\' experiences of their involvement in their partners\' pregnancy and childbirth across African countries are influenced by multiple factors. While unwelcoming health services, traditional gender norms, and low income are barriers to male involvement, education, younger age, and modern gender norms are associated with greater male involvement.
Main findings: There is a diversity of experiences among fathers across the African continent, with healthcare system alienation, influential gender norms, and financial pressure being common themes.Added knowledge: Unwelcoming health services, traditional gender norms, and low income were found to be impediments to male involvement in their partners’ pregnancy and childbirth, while education, younger age, and modern gender norms were associated with greater male involvement.Global health impact for policy and action: Information and education for men and conducive healthcare environments would enable more positive experiences for men and encourage their greater involvement.

BACKGROUND: Experiences of delayed conception and infertility have been reported among women. However, the concept of intersectionality is rarely utilised in studies of infertility, and it is particularly uncommon in research from low- and middle- income countries.
OBJECTIVE: What are the lived experiences of women with delayed conception in low to -middle income neighbourhoods of Delhi, India?
METHODS: This was a qualitative study (n = 35) that recruited women who had failed to conceive after 18 months of regular unprotected sexual intercourse. Data were collected between February and July 2021. Data were collected through focus group discussions in low income to middle income neighbourhoods of Delhi, India. Analysis identified themes related to intersecting axes of inequality.
RESULTS: The results showed that gender intersected with economics, masculinity, patriarchal norms and class to influence the experiences of women. The intersection of gender, economics and patriarchal norms compromised women\'s agency to be active generators of family income, and this dynamic was exacerbated by patrilocal residence. In addition, masculinity contributed to stigmatisation and blaming of women, due to the inaccurate perception that men did not contribute to a couple\'s infertility. The intersection of gender and social class in medical settings created barriers to women\'s access to medical information.
CONCLUSIONS: Findings from this study provide representative examples of the variety of axes of inequality that shape women\'s experiences in the study setting. Although these findings may not be generalisable to all women who are experiencing delayed conception, they highlight a need for improved awareness and education on infertility, as well as a need to ensure the availability and accessibility of fertility care for couples in need.

BACKGROUND: An array of evidence shows how the presence of implicit bias in clinical encounters can negatively impact provider-patient communication, quality of care and ultimately contribute to health inequities. Reflexive practice has been explored as an approach to identify and address implicit bias in healthcare providers, including medical students. At the Lausanne School of Medicine, a clinically integrated module was introduced in 2019 to raise students\' awareness of gender bias in medical practice using a reflexivity and positionality approach. The purpose of this study is to describe the gender bias that were identified by medical students, analysing their types, places and modes of emergence during a clinical encounter. It further explores how positionality supported students\' reflection on the way in which social position modulates their relationship to patients.
METHODS: As part of the teaching activity, medical students individually reflected on gender bias in a specific clinical encounter by answering questions in their electronic portfolio. The questionnaire included a section on positionality. We qualitatively analysed the students\' assignments (n=76), applying a thematic analysis framework.
RESULTS: Medical students identified and described gender biases occurring at different moments of the clinical encounter (anamnesis (i.e. patient history), physical exam, differential diagnosis, final management). They causally associated these biases with wider social phenomena such as the gendered division of labour or stereotypes around sexuality and gender. Analysing students\' reflections on how their position influenced their relationship with patients, we found that the suggested exercise revealed a major contradiction in the process of medical enculturation: the injunction to be neutral and objective erases the social and cultural context of patients and impedes an understanding of gender bias.
CONCLUSIONS: Gender biases are present in the different steps of a clinical consultation and are rooted in broader gendered social representations. We further conclude that the tension between a quest for objectivity and the reality of social encounters should be made explicit to students, because it is constitutive of medical practice.