UNASSIGNED: Research on the psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic has pointed out that lockdowns had small effects on the overall mental health, despite considerable heterogeneity among studies is present. Psychological resilience may be responsible for an amount of variance in individual reactions to the pandemic, despite the fact that its longitudinal associations with mental health symptoms remain unclear. This study sought to investigate changes in resilience and its relationships with depression, anxiety, and stress during the COVID-19 pandemic.
UNASSIGNED: A total of 814 participated in this longitudinal study via an online survey during the first lockdown consequent to the COVID-19 pandemic (T1) and during the third wave (T2). The Resilience Scale and the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales - 21 were administered. Sociodemographic data and COVID-19 related information were also collected.
UNASSIGNED: Psychological resilience decreased during the third wave of the pandemic, whereas depression and stress increased. Moreover, psychological resilience had a direct effect only on depression during the third wave, while its effect on anxiety and stress is mediated by the mental health during the first lockdown.
UNASSIGNED: The mental health symptoms worsened during the third wave, while protective factors such as resilience decreased. Individuals showing high resilience experienced lower depression, anxiety, and stress over time. Psychological intervention that enhances resilience should be embraced in the action of health care authorities to reduce the impact of pandemic.

BACKGROUND: Youth leisure-time physical activity participation benefits physical activity habits and health outcomes later in life. However, it is unknown if certain types of leisure-time physical activity contribute to these benefits in different ways; this knowledge could enhance public health efforts. This systematic review aimed to synthesise evidence of the longitudinal associations between childhood and adolescent leisure-time physical activity on adulthood physical activity behaviours and health outcomes.
METHODS: A systematic search of the literature was conducted across five databases from inception to July 2022. English, peer-reviewed observational studies with a minimum of two timepoints of data collection were eligible for inclusion. We included studies that investigated the association between participation in leisure-time physical activity types in children and adolescents (i.e., 5-18 years), and physical activity, mental health, or cardiovascular outcomes in adulthood (i.e., ≥ 18 years).
RESULTS: Fourteen studies were included in the review, totalling 34,388 observations across five countries. Running in adolescence was associated with increased adulthood physical activity in both sexes, while sports involvement was associated with an increase in physical activity in males only. Adolescent team sports participation was associated with reduced odds of early adulthood depression, with varying findings for anxiety disorders. There was preliminary evidence of minimum threshold requirements for participation in certain activities before associations with future physical activity or health outcome benefits were observed.
CONCLUSIONS: Preliminary findings suggest that the lifelong behavioural and health benefits of adolescent participation in leisure-time physical activity appear to be related to the type of activity undertaken, with potential differences between sexes. With the rarity of longitudinal studies spanning from childhood into adulthood, these findings provide important insights for public health strategies to optimise lifelong health and physical activity participation.
UNASSIGNED: CRD42022347792.

BACKGROUND: Childhood family structure is considered to play a role in person\'s health and welfare. This study investigated the relationships between the longitudinal changes of adult health behaviours and childhood family structure.
METHODS: From Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 questionnaires, we collected data on childhood family structure at the age of 14 (\'two-parent family\', \'one parent not living at home/no information on father\', and \'father or mother deceased\'), and on health behaviours (smoking, alcohol consumption and physical activity status) at the ages of 31 and 46. We used the multinomial logistic regression model to estimate the unadjusted and adjusted associations between childhood family structures and the longitudinal changes between 31 and 46 years of health behaviours (four-category variables).
RESULTS: Of the study sample (n = 5431; 55.5% females), 7.1% of the offspring were represented in the \'One parent not living at home/no information on father\' subgroup, 6.3% in the \'Father or mother deceased\' subgroup and 86.6% in the \'Two-parent family\'. \'One parent not living at home/no information on father\' offspring were approximately twice as likely to smoke (adjusted OR 2.19, 95% CI 1.70-2.81) and heavily consume alcohol (adjusted OR 1.99, 95% CI 1.25-3.16) at both times in adulthood, relative to not smoking or not heavily consume alcohol, and compared with \'two-parent family\' offspring. We found no statistically significant associations between childhood family structure and physical activity status changes in adulthood.
CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that the offspring of single-parent families in particular should be supported in early life to diminish their risk of unhealthy behaviours in adulthood.

Over the past several decades, U.S. men\'s paid work has transformed from a state of high stability and continuity to a state of increased instability and precarity. Despite this, full-time employment throughout adulthood remains the presumed standard for modern American men. The authors investigated the diversity of men\'s workforce experiences using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth \"National Longitudinal Survey of Youth - 1979 cohort\" and identified six multitrajectories of men\'s time spent employed, unemployed, and out of the labor force from ages 27 to 49. The authors identified one multitrajectory of steady work, three of increasing unemployment or time out of work, one of increasing steady work, and one of intermittent work. Contrary to conventional assumptions, only 41 percent of men followed a trajectory of continuous, high employment over the duration of their prime earning years. This suggests that most men do not achieve the \"ideal worker norm,\" raising implications for how research and policy conceptualize men\'s work experiences.

Despite advances in surgical and therapeutic approaches, high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSOC) prognosis remains poor. Surgery is an indispensable component of therapeutic protocols, as removal of all visible tumor lesions (cytoreduction) profoundly improves the overall survival. Enhanced predictive tools for assessing cytoreduction are essential to optimize therapeutic precision. Patients\' immune status broadly reflects the tumor cell biological behavior and the patient responses to disease and treatment. Serum cytokine profiling is a sensitive measure of immune adaption and deviation, yet its integration into treatment paradigms is underexplored. This study is part of the IMPACT trial (NCT03378297) and aimed to characterize immune responses before and during primary treatment for HGSOC to identify biomarkers for treatment selection and prognosis. Longitudinal serum samples from 22 patients were collected from diagnosis until response evaluation. Patients underwent primary cytoreductive surgery or neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) based on laparoscopy scoring. Twenty-seven serum cytokines analyzed by Bio-Plex 200, revealed two immune phenotypes at diagnosis: Immune High with marked higher serum cytokine levels than Immune Low. The immune phenotypes reflected the laparoscopy scoring and allocation to surgical treatment. The five Immune High patients undergoing primary cytoreductive surgery exhibited immune mobilization and extended progression-free survival, compared to the Immune Low patients undergoing the same treatment. Both laparoscopy and cytoreductive surgery induced substantial and transient changes in serum cytokines, with upregulation of the inflammatory cytokine IL-6 and downregulation of the multifunctional cytokines IP-10, Eotaxin, IL-4, and IL-7. Over the study period, cytokine levels uniformly decreased in all patients, leading to the elimination of the initial immune phenotypes regardless of treatment choice. This study reveals distinct pre-treatment immune phenotypes in HGSOC patients that might be informative for treatment stratification and prognosis. This potential novel biomarker holds promise as a foundation for improved assessment of treatment responses in patients with HGSOC. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03378297.

UNASSIGNED: Though caffeine use during pregnancy is common, its longitudinal associations with child behavioral and physical health outcomes remain poorly understood. Here, we estimated associations between prenatal caffeine exposure, body mass index (BMI), and behavior as children enter adolescence.
UNASSIGNED: Longitudinal data and caregiver-reported prenatal caffeine exposure were obtained from the ongoing Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) SM Study, which recruited 11,875 children aged 9-11 years at baseline from 21 sites across the United States starting June 1, 2016. Prenatal caffeine exposure was analyzed as a 4-level categorical variable, and further group contrasts were used to characterize \"any exposure\" and \"daily exposure\" groups. Outcomes included psychopathology characteristics in children, sleep problems, and BMI. Potentially confounding covariates included familial (e.g., income, familial psychopathology), pregnancy (e.g., prenatal substance exposure), and child (e.g., caffeine use) variables.
UNASSIGNED: Among 10,873 children (5,686 boys [52.3%]; mean [SD] age, 9.9 [0.6] years) with nonmissing prenatal caffeine exposure data, 6,560 (60%) were exposed to caffeine prenatally. Relative to no exposure, daily caffeine exposure was associated with higher child BMI (β=0.08; FDR-corrected p=0.02), but was not associated with child behavior. Those exposed to two or more cups of caffeine daily (n=1,028) had greater sleep problems than those with lower/no exposure (β>0.92; FDR-corrected p<0.04).
UNASSIGNED: Daily prenatal caffeine exposure is associated with heightened childhood BMI, and when used multiple times a day greater sleep problems even after accounting for potential confounds. Whether this relationship is a consequence of prenatal caffeine exposure or its correlated factors remains unknown.

UNASSIGNED: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with increased rates of incident ischemic heart disease (IHD) in women.
UNASSIGNED: The purpose of this study was to determine mechanisms of the PTSD-IHD association in women.
UNASSIGNED: In this retrospective longitudinal cohort study, data were obtained from electronic health records of all U.S. women veterans who were enrolled in Veterans Health Administration care from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2017. Propensity score matching was used to match women with PTSD to women without PTSD on age, number of prior Veterans Health Administration visits, and presence of various traditional and nontraditional cardiovascular risk factors at index visit. Cox regression was used to model time until incident IHD diagnosis (ie, coronary artery disease, angina, or myocardial infarction) as a function of PTSD and potential mediating risk factors. Diagnoses of IHD, PTSD, and risk factors were defined by International Classification of Diseases-9th or -10th Revision, and/or Current Procedural Terminology codes.
UNASSIGNED: PTSD was associated with elevated rates of developing each risk factor. Traditional risk factors (hypertension, hyperlipidemia, smoking, diabetes) accounted for 24.2% of the PTSD-IHD association, psychiatric risk factors (eg, depression, anxiety, substance use disorders) accounted for 33.8% of the association, and all 13 risk factors accounted for 48.5% of the association.
UNASSIGNED: Traditional IHD risk factors explained a quarter of the PTSD-IHD association in women veterans, and over half of the risk of IHD associated with PTSD remained unexplained even when adjusting for a wide range of risk factors. To be actionable, factors underlying the remaining PTSD-IHD association warrant timely investigation.

UNASSIGNED: Changes in everyday functioning constitute a clinically meaningful outcome, even in the early stages of Alzheimer\'s disease. Performance-based assessments of everyday functioning might help uncover these early changes. We aimed to investigate how changes over time in everyday functioning relate to tau and amyloid in cognitively unimpaired older adults.
UNASSIGNED: Seventy-six cognitively unimpaired participants (72 ± 6 years old, 61% female) completed multiple Harvard Automated Phone Task (APT) assessments over 2.0 ± 0.9 years. The Harvard APT consists of three tasks, performed through an automated phone system, in which participants refill a prescription (APT-Script), select a new primary care physician (APT-PCP), and transfer money to pay a bill (APT-Bank). Participants underwent Pittsburgh compound-B and flortaucipir positron emission tomography scans at baseline. We computed distribution volume ratios for a cortical amyloid aggregate and standardized uptake volume ratios for medial temporal and neocortical tau regions. In separate linear mixed models, baseline amyloid by time and tau by time interactions were used to predict longitudinal changes in performance on the Harvard APT tasks. Three-way amyloid by tau by time interactions were also investigated. Lastly, we examined associations between tau and change in Harvard APT scores in exploratory voxel-wise whole-brain analyses. All models were adjusted for age, sex, and education.
UNASSIGNED: Amyloid [unstandardized partial regression coefficient estimate (β) = -0.007, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) = (-0.013, -0.001)], and medial temporal tau [β = -0.013, 95% CI = (-0.022, -0.004)] were associated with change over time in years on APT-PCP only, i.e., higher baseline amyloid and higher baseline tau were associated with steeper rate of decline of APT-PCP. Voxel-wise analyses showed widespread associations between tau and change in APT-PCP scores over time.
UNASSIGNED: Even among cognitively unimpaired older adults, changes over time in the performance of cognitively complex everyday activities relate to cortical amyloid and widespread cerebral tau burden at baseline. These findings support the link between Alzheimer\'s disease pathology and function and highlight the importance of measuring everyday functioning in preclinical disease stages.

BACKGROUND: Prognostic research in low back pain (LBP) is essential for understanding and managing the condition. This study aimed to, (1) describe the proportions with mild-moderate and severe pain and disability at baseline, 1-year and 4-year follow-up, and (2) investigate prognostic factors for improvement in pain and disability over 4 years in a cohort of secondary care LBP patients.
METHODS: This was a secondary analysis of a cohort of patients with LBP aged 18-40 years recruited from a non-surgical outpatient spine clinic between March 2011 and October 2013 (n = 1037). Questionnaires were collected at baseline, 1-year, and 4-year follow-up. Disability was assessed using the Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ 0-100) and pain intensity using the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS 0-10). \'Mild-moderate pain\' was defined as NRS < 7 and \'severe pain\' as NRS ≥ 7. Likewise, \'mild-moderate disability\' was defined as RMDQ < 58.3, and \'severe disability\' was RMDQ ≥ 58.3. In the prognostic analysis, improvement in pain and disability over 4 years was defined as meeting both criteria: decrease of ≥ 2 on the NRS and of ≥ 20.8 on the RMDQ. Sixteen candidate prognostic factors were assessed by multivariate logistic regression.
RESULTS: Among patients with information available at all three time points (n = 241), 54%/48% had persistent mild-moderate pain/disability, while only 7%/15% had persistent severe pain/disability. Of patients included in the multivariate prognostic analysis regarding improvement over 4 years (n = 498), 32% had improved in pain and disability after 4 years. Positive associations were found for pain intensity (OR 1.34 [95%CI: 1.17-1.54]), disability (OR 1.01 [1.00-1.02]), and regular employment or studying (OR 1.67 [1.06-2.64]), and negative associations for episode duration (OR 0.99 [0.99-1.00]) and risk of persistent pain (OR 0.58 [0.38-0.88]).
CONCLUSIONS: Patients with persistent LBP in secondary care had mostly mild-moderate pain and disability consistently at all three time points, with few having consistently severe symptoms over 4 years. Moreover, approximately half of the included patients improved in pain and disability. We found that pain intensity, disability, episode duration, regular employment or studying, and risk of persistent pain predicted a long-term improvement. However, the limited availability of complete follow-up data may affect generalisability.

BACKGROUND: People with different types of dementia may have distinct symptoms and experiences that affect their quality of life. This study investigated whether quality of life varied across types of dementia and over time.
METHODS: The participants were 1555 people with mild-to-moderate dementia and 1327 carers from the IDEAL longitudinal cohort study, recruited from clinical services. As many as possible were followed for up to 6 years. Diagnoses included were Alzheimer\'s disease, vascular dementia, mixed Alzheimer\'s and vascular dementia, Parkinson\'s disease dementia, dementia with Lewy bodies, and frontotemporal dementia. Self- and informant-rated versions of the Quality of Life in Alzheimer\'s Disease scale were used. A joint model, incorporating a mixed effects model with random effects and a survival model to account for dropout, was used to examine whether quality of life varied by dementia type at the time of diagnosis and how trajectories changed over time.
RESULTS: The strongest associations between dementia type and quality of life were seen around the time of diagnosis. For both self-ratings and informant ratings, people with Parkinson\'s disease dementia or dementia with Lewy bodies had lower quality of life scores. Over time there was little change in self-rated scores across all dementia types (- 0.15 points per year). Informant-rated scores declined over time (- 1.63 points per year), with the greatest decline seen in ratings by informants for people with dementia with Lewy bodies (- 2.18 points per year).
CONCLUSIONS: Self-rated quality of life scores were relatively stable over time whilst informant ratings showed a steeper decline. People with Parkinson\'s disease dementia or dementia with Lewy bodies report particularly low levels of quality of life, indicating the importance of greater attention to the needs of these groups.