This study utilizes data from A-share listed companies between 2011 and 2020 to empirically investigate the impact and mechanism of public welfare donations on the internal income gap of enterprises. The research findings indicate that public welfare donations significantly increase the per capita salary of management, while their impact on the per capita salary of ordinary employees is not significant, thus leading to an expansion of the internal income gap within enterprises. The results from mechanism testing reveal that the income tax benefits resulting from charitable donations and the rise in corporate operating income have contributed to an increase in excess rent shared by enterprises and employees. Due to a stronger bargaining power, management shares more excess rents, thereby widening the income gap within the enterprise. Heterogeneity analysis demonstrates that public welfare donations have a greater impact on the internal income gap of non-state-owned enterprises; however, limiting executive compensation and enhancing employees\' bargaining power can mitigate this widening effect caused by public welfare donations on enterprise\'s internal income gap. The research value of this study is threefold. Firstly, there is a scarcity of studies on the impact of public welfare donations on the income gap within enterprises, and this study contributes to enriching the research in this area. Secondly, this paper examines the effect of tax incentives for public welfare donations on the internal income gap of enterprises, thereby deepening the research on the impact of tax reduction and fee reduction, as well as expanding our understanding of corporate income tax preferential policies. Thirdly, it offers insights into improving enterprise compensation systems and enhancing corporate governance. Senior executives can potentially allocate more excess rent through their strong bargaining power. If their compensation remains unrestricted, it may lead to a widening internal income gap and negatively affect company operational efficiency.

The socioeconomic factors influencing small-scale dairy producers in the border area between Ecuador and Colombia were meticulously identified. Employing a non-experimental design, the study leveraged multivariate statistical analysis to discern key determinants. Data processing was executed using the statistical software SPSS v27, facilitating comprehensive analysis. A random survey was administered to 532 small and medium-scale dairy producers in the Carchi province of Ecuador, employing a structured questionnaire supplemented with a Likert scale for nuanced insights. Based on 35 original variables, seven determining factors were identified in dairy farms: political representation, adequate housing, equipment, innovation, empathy, profitability, social welfare, which combined explain 60.95% of the system\'s variability. Such factors affect production, the level of household income, as well as their effect on the standard of living of households. Three groups were formed, the first with a low perception of economic development (Traditionalists 33.3%); the second with a better expectation of economic development (Modernizers 27.6%); and the third, identified with greater economic development (Innovators 10.3%). Each group presents cases with a low to high standard of living perspective. The groups have peculiarities in terms of their performance that can be applied to the entire population. A significant relation was established between socioeconomic factors and standard of living.

We make a novel investigation of welfare costs associated with various suboptimal decisions made by retirees, both analytically and numerically. We utilize a unique framework that incorporates recursive utility with housing, and also encompasses expected utility and recursive utility without housing as special cases. Our findings indicate that under-investment in stocks incurs lower welfare costs compared to an equivalent over-investment. Suboptimal allocations in bond holdings result in higher costs than similar misallocations in stocks. Choosing not to participate in the stock market is less detrimental than avoiding the bond market. Should retirees opt to simplify their decision-making by investing solely in one type of asset, it is less costly for them to invest exclusively in bonds. Overconsumption of housing is less costly than an equivalent underconsumption. Suboptimal consumption imposes the highest welfare cost. Decisions regarding consumption, housing, and savings are found to be more crucial than the choice of how to distribute liquid savings between stocks and bonds. Additionally, recursive utility model better captures retirees\' preference for bonds over stocks than expected utility model. Our results, which are consistent across various parameter settings, provide valuable insights for academics and policymakers aiming to enhance retiree welfare.

Recent changes in labour markets have increased employment instability. Under these conditions, in male breadwinner families women might increase their labour supply when their male partners become unemployed. Previous studies have extensively investigated the role played by household and individual characteristics in explaining such increases in the labour supply of women. However, studies which examine the moderating role of specific welfare policies are missing. Our study contributes to the literature by investigating the moderating effect of childcare and tax-benefit policies for the labour supply response of women following the unemployment of their partner. We focus on a sample of 24 EU member states and the UK, during the period 2009-2019, combining longitudinal microdata from EU-SILC with country-period specific policy indicators generated with the use of the tax-benefit simulation model EUROMOD, UKMOD and country-period specific indicators of childcare use. We find that women indeed respond to men\'s unemployment by increasing their labour supply though the response is fairly weak. We also find the response is not restricted by having children at home or availability of public childcare and does not depend on the generosity of unemployment benefits. It is, however, negatively affected by marginal tax rates.

UNASSIGNED: Chagas disease is a neglected tropical disease with a chronic clinical course and high rates of morbidity and mortality. Despite a drastic reduction in the disease\'s incidence in Brazil in recent decades, older cases still impact the national social welfare system.
UNASSIGNED: To analyze the sociodemographic characteristics of Brazilian social welfare beneficiaries affected by the cardiac and digestive forms of chronic Chagas disease between 2004 and 2016.
UNASSIGNED: This cross-sectional study was based on data from the Brazilian Ministry of Labor and Social Security. Crude and adjusted odds ratios were estimated using logistic regression.
UNASSIGNED: Benefits were granted to 25,085 affected individuals, mostly men (15,812; 63%) with the cardiac form (20,424; 81.4%) who resided in urban areas (16,051; 64%). The highest relative frequency of benefits were granted in the Midwest macroregion (31.1/100,000 inhabitants). Male sex (odds ratios = 1.2; 95% CI 1.1-1.2), age 30-49 years (odds ratios = 1.8; 95% CI 1.4-2.1), residence in rural areas (odds ratios = 1.6; 95% CI 1.5-1.7) or the Southeast macroregion (odds ratios = 2.9; 95% CI 2.4-3.4) had the highest association with the cardiac form. Individuals with the cardiac form had a higher median age at disease onset (45 years; p < 0.001) but a lower age at work disability onset (50 years; p = 0.01).
UNASSIGNED: The impact of Chagas disease on Brazilian social welfare is mainly due to chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy, which was mainly associated with men in their productive years who live in rural areas in Southeastern Brazil.
UNASSIGNED: A doença de Chagas é uma doença tropical negligenciada, de evolução crônica e com elevada morbimortalidade. Apesar da drástica redução na incidência da doença nas últimas décadas no Brasil, casos infectados no passado ainda impactam o sistema de seguridade social brasileiro.
UNASSIGNED: Analisar as características sociodemográficas de beneficiários da seguridade social brasileira acometidos pela doença de Chagas crônica nas formas clínicas cardíaca e digestiva no período de 2004 a 2016.
UNASSIGNED: Estudo transversal com dados do Ministério do Trabalho e Previdência Social brasileiro. Empregou-se regressão logística para estimar odds ratio brutas e ajustadas.
UNASSIGNED: Houve concessão de 25.085 benefícios, a maioria relacionada à forma cardíaca da doença de Chagas (20.424; 81,4%), ao sexo masculino (15.812; 63%) e residentes em áreas urbanas (16.051; 64%). A macrorregião Centro-Oeste apresentou maior frequência relativa de benefícios (31,1/100.000 habitantes). Sexo masculino (odds ratio = 1,2; IC95% 1,1-1,2), faixa etária entre 30 e 49 anos (odds ratio = 1,8; IC95% 1,4-2,1), residência em áreas rurais (odds ratio = 1,6; IC95% 1,5-1,7) ou na macrorregião Sudeste (odds ratio = 2,9; IC95% 2,4-3,4) foram as categorias das variáveis mais associadas à forma cardíaca. Indivíduos com a forma cardíaca apresentaram idade mediana maior no início da doença (45 anos; p < 0,001), porém menor no início da incapacidade laboral (50 anos; p = 0,01).
UNASSIGNED: O impacto da doença de Chagas na seguridade social brasileira decorre principalmente por causa da cardiomiopatia chagásica crônica. Essa forma clínica esteve associada principalmente a pessoas do sexo masculino, em idade produtiva importante, residentes em áreas rurais e da macrorregião Sudeste do Brasil.

Economic welfare is essential in the modern economy since it directly reflects the standard of living, distribution of resources, and general social satisfaction, which influences individual and social well-being. This study aims to explore the relationship between national income accounting different attributes and the economic welfare in Pakistan. However, this study used data from 1950 to 2022, and data was downloaded from the World Bank data portal. Regression analysis is used to investigate the relationship between them and is very effective in measuring the relationship between endogenous and exogenous variables. Moreover, generalized methods of movement (GMM) are used as the robustness of the regression. Our results show that foreign direct investment outflow, Gross domestic product growth rate, GDP per capita, higher Interest, market capitalization, and population growth have a significant negative on the unemployment rate, indicating the rise in these factors leads to a decrease in the employment rate in Pakistan. Trade and savings have a significant positive impact on the unemployment rate, indicating the rise in these factors leads to an increase in the unemployment rate for various reasons. Moreover, all the factors of national income accounting have a significant positive relationship with life expectancy, indicating that an increase in these factors leads to an increase in economic welfare and life expectancy due to better health facilities, many resources, and correct economic policies. However, foreign direct investment, inflation rate, lending interest rate, and population growth have significant positive effects on age dependency, indicating these factors increase the age dependency. Moreover, GDP growth and GDP per capita negatively impact age dependency. Similarly, all the national income accounting factors have a significant negative relationship with legal rights that leads to decreased legal rights. Moreover, due to better health facilities and health planning, there is a negative significant relationship between national income accounting attributes and motility rate among children. Our study advocated the implications for the policymakers and the government to make policies for the welfare and increase the social factors.

Suggesting there is an emerging and important focus on social welfare in inquests into death, this article argues that there is value for both social welfare and inquest scholarship in examination of links between the two. Emphasising the process of investigation, it aims to introduce the inquest to social welfare scholars, and proposes an agenda for research. The discussion examines a range of inquests in which questions of social welfare (understood broadly) were examined, including inquests into the death of Jackie Maguire in a care home (see R (Maguire) v. HM Senior Coroner for Blackpool & Fylde [2023] UKSC 20), the death of Jodey Whiting after her welfare benefits were stopped (in a case brought by her mother, Joy Dove, see Dove v. HM Assistant Coroner for Teesside and Hartlepool [2023] EWCA Civ 289), the death of Awaab Ishak due to mould in his housing association home, and the death of Ella Kissi-Debra which suggested a link between traffic, air pollution and asthma, as well as other cases, including the inquest into the death of Molly Russell which focused on the role of social media.

UNASSIGNED: Relieving the total pain of patients with cancer and supporting their well-being throughout their lives are important roles of palliative and supportive care. Poverty may inhibit patients from receiving dignified end-of-life care; however, using social welfare services may reduce its impact on patients\' end-of-life experiences. Nevertheless, no study has investigated which social welfare service could lead to favorable end-of-life experiences for patients living in poverty.
UNASSIGNED: This study aimed to describe the characteristics of users of palliative care among low-income patients and examine the difference in survival time among patients with cancer on social welfare services in a single center in Kyoto, Japan.
UNASSIGNED: We conducted a retrospective cohort study.
UNASSIGNED: We included 220 patients using Public Assistance (PA: aid minimum income and medical/long-term care), Free/Low-Cost Medical Care (FLCMC: aid only medical care), and nonwelfare-users who newly received palliative care in 2021.
UNASSIGNED: We calculated patients\' survival time from the initiation of palliative care to death. In addition, we identified patients who experienced home death.
UNASSIGNED: Compared with nonusers, FLCMC beneficiaries had shorter survival times (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 2.05, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.80-5.22). No difference was observed among PA beneficiaries (aHR 1.19, 95% CI 0.49-2.87). No home death was observed among welfare service recipients.
UNASSIGNED: Social welfare benefits only for medical expenses may not sufficiently support dignified end-of-life care for low-income patients. Further studies are required to examine the robustness of this study considering various bio-psycho-social factors that can influence these findings, to support low-income patients with cancer on social welfare services.

UNASSIGNED: The digital finance era has reshaped young people\'s lifestyles, risk perceptions and insurance participation decisions. Modern youth have to constantly seek for rational social security support and construct individual protection barriers to adapt to new lifestyles and social structures. China\'s multi-tiered, universal health insurance system is urgently needed to satisfy young people\'s flexible needs and rational decision-making.
UNASSIGNED: Based on the micro data from 2011 ~ 2021 Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS), this paper uses macro data from Digital Inclusive Finance Index (DIFI) matching to construct probit and m-logit model to assess the impact of the development of digital finance on Chinese youth whether or not to participate in health insurance, and how they choose the concrete type of health insurance.
UNASSIGNED: (1) Baseline regression results shows that digital finance has a significant positive effect on Chinese youth\'s health insurance participation decisions, and has different effects on choices within health insurance types. Strong support for the conclusions is provided by endogeneity and robustness tests. (2) The results of the heterogeneity analysis reveal that the marginal effect of digital finance on young people\'s health insurance decisions shows urban-rural differences, divergence in levels of self-rated health. (3) The mechanism analysis results suggest that there are two mechanism paths of digital finance on youth health insurance decisions: the household income effect and the subjective well-being effect, and two moderating effects: employment type and family structure.
UNASSIGNED: Highlighting the positive value that digital finance brings to the perception of youth insurance participation and the construction of social security systems, it needs to pay close attention to the dynamic changes in employment security and family structure through data, and explore the socio-psychological fluctuation and demand for social security among modern youth. To provide a way forward to achieve the integration of the health insurance system in China and solve the current problem of health insurance equity.

UNASSIGNED: Co-creation has become a guiding principle in public service innovation, but more knowledge is still needed on overcoming barriers and increasing the effectiveness of co-creation processes. This study explores the research circle method as a concrete methodology for co-creation, and its application within two cases involving the implementation of new services for drug death-bereaved persons in Norway based on new research-based knowledge.
UNASSIGNED: The study followed an action research design. The field notes and audio recordings were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis.
UNASSIGNED: The analysis identified two key dimensions experienced as important for the implementation of the new services when research circles were used as a method for co-creation: 1) the inclusion of participants from different contexts and 2) support structures for service interventions.
UNASSIGNED: Research circles are discussed as an important support structure for promoting public value co-creation that can contribute to increasing stakeholders\' capacity for implementing services in the public system, especially when the focus is on the perspectives and interests of stakeholders, such as practitioners and management in public health and welfare services. However, the discussion also points to barriers relating to the co-creation process that need to be considered when planning research circle-based interventions.