树木在发展方面是独一无二的,可持续性和长寿。有些物种在生活世界中有创纪录的寿命,达到几千年。这篇综述的目的是总结有关森林树木长寿的遗传和表观遗传机制的可用数据。在这次审查中,我们专注于一些经过充分研究的森林树种的寿命的遗传方面,比如robur,银杏,无花果和F.religiosa,杨树,Welwitschia和Dracaena,以及与植物寿命相关的种间遗传性状。与植物长寿相关的一个关键特征是增强的免疫防御,随着RLK等基因家族的增加,RLP和NLR在robur,榕属CC-NBS-LRR抗病家族的扩展和银杏R基因的稳定表达。在Pseudotsugamenziesii中发现了参与DNA修复和防御反应的PARP1家族基因的高拷贝数比,樟子松和苹果。在长寿的树木中还发现了表观遗传调节因子BRU1/TSK/MG03(维持分生组织和基因组完整性)和SDE3(抗病毒保护)的拷贝数增加。油松DAL1基因CHG甲基化逐渐下降,针叶树的保守年龄生物标志物,随着年龄的增长。在落叶松上显示嫁接,切割和修剪会改变与年龄相关的基因的表达,并使植物恢复活力。因此,考虑了林木长寿的主要遗传和表观遗传机制,其中既有一般过程,也有个别过程。
Trees are unique in terms of development, sustainability and longevity. Some species have a record lifespan in the living world, reaching several millennia. The aim of this review is to summarize the available data on the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms of longevity in forest trees. In this review, we have focused on the genetic aspects of longevity of a few well-studied forest tree species, such as Quercus robur, Ginkgo biloba, Ficus benghalensis and F. religiosa, Populus, Welwitschia and Dracaena, as well as on interspecific genetic traits associated with plant longevity. A key trait associated with plant longevity is the enhanced immune defense, with the increase in gene families such as RLK, RLP and NLR in Quercus robur, the expansion of the CC-NBS-LRR disease resistance families in Ficus species and the steady expression of R-genes in Ginkgo biloba. A high copy number ratio of the PARP1 family genes involved in DNA repair and defense response was found in
Pseudotsuga menziesii, Pinus sylvestris and Malus domestica. An increase in the number of copies of the epigenetic regulators BRU1/TSK/MGO3 (maintenance of meristems and genome integrity) and SDE3 (antiviral protection) was also found in long-lived trees. CHG methylation gradually declines in the DAL 1 gene in Pinus tabuliformis, a conservative age biomarker in conifers, as the age increases. It was shown in Larix kaempferi that grafting, cutting and pruning change the expression of age-related genes and rejuvenate plants. Thus, the main genetic and epigenetic mechanisms of longevity in forest trees were considered, among which there are both general and individual processes.