由传染性病原体引起的牛乳腺炎,主要是金黄色葡萄球菌(S.金黄色葡萄球菌)和大肠杆菌(E.大肠杆菌),对乳制品行业和公共卫生构成了重大的破坏性挑战。盐酸小檗碱(BER)和香附具有广泛的抗炎,抗氧化剂,抗菌,和抗增殖活性;然而,它们的生物利用度很低。本研究首先制备了香附根茎的乙醇提取物(CRE),然后筛选其植物化学成分,然后合成BER和CRE负载的壳聚糖纳米颗粒(NPs)(BER/CH-NPs和CRE/CH-NPs),之后,除了使用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)配制的NP的形态和物理化学表征外,还分析了它们的加载效率,Zeta电位(ZP),傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR),差示扫描量热法(DSC)和X射线衍射(XRD)评估与它们的粗形式进行比较,以评估生物利用度和稳定性的增强。从哺乳奶牛的牛奶中分离细菌菌株,用于诱导雌性白化病大鼠的乳腺(MG)炎症,并初步研究了制备的NPs对金黄色葡萄球菌诱导的雌性大鼠乳腺炎的预防性口服剂量。BER/CH-NP和CRE/CH-NP的最小抑制浓度(MIC)为1mg/kgb.w.BER/CH-NP和CRE/CH-NP单独或联合使用显示出显着(P≤0.05)的DPPH自由基清除活性(69.2、88.5和98.2%,分别)在体外。对乳腺炎大鼠口服BER/CH-NP和CRE/CH-NP显着(P≤0.05)降低了TNF-α(22.1,28.6pg/ml),IL-6(33.4,42.9pg/ml),IL-18(21.7,34.7pg/ml),IL-4(432.9,421.6pg/ml),与乳腺炎组相比,MPO(87.1,89.3pg/ml)以及MG组织病理学发现的改善,对肾和肝功能无任何副作用。尽管BER和CRE纳米粒子取得了有希望的结果,这项研究受到小规模试验的限制,注重急性管理,并部分探索了纳米粒子-生物相互作用,没有经济或可扩展性评估。未来的研究应该通过扩大试验范围来解决这些限制,进一步探索相互作用,延长研究持续时间,并评估经济和实际的可扩展性。现场试验和法规遵从性对于确保乳制品行业的实际应用和安全也是必要的。总之,体外和体内结果证明了低剂量BER/CH-NP和CRE/CH-NP的抗氧化和抗炎功效,对肝脏和肾脏功能的损害最小,假设它们在乳腺炎治疗中的有希望的用途。
Bovine mastitis caused by infectious pathogens, mainly Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli), constitutes a major destructive challenge for the dairy industry and public health. Berberine chloride (BER) and Cyperus rotundus possess a broad spectrum of anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, and antiproliferative activities; however, their bioavailability is low. This research aimed first to prepare an ethanolic extract of Cyperus rotundus rhizomes (CRE) followed by screening its phytochemical contents, then synthesis of BER and CRE loaded chitosan nanoparticles (NPs) (BER/CH-
NPs and CRE/CH-
NPs), afterward, the analysis of their loading efficiency in addition to the morphological and physicochemical characterization of the formulated
NPs employing Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Zeta Potential (ZP), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) assessments compared to their crude forms to evaluate the enhancement of bioavailability and stability. Isolation of bacterial strains from the milk of mastitic cows, used for induction of mammary gland (MG) inflammation in female albino rats, and a preliminary investigation of the prophylactic oral doses of the prepared NPs against S. aureus-induced mastitis in female rats. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of BER/CH-
NPs and CRE/CH-
NPs is 1 mg/kg b.w. BER/CH-
NPs and CRE/CH-
NPs alone or in combination show significant (P ≤ 0.05) DPPH radical scavenging activity (69.2, 88.5, and 98.2%, respectively) in vitro. Oral administration of BER/CH-
NPs and CRE/CH-
NPs to mastitis rats significantly (P ≤ 0.05) attenuated TNF-α (22.1, 28.6 pg/ml), IL-6 (33.4, 42.9 pg/ml), IL-18 (21.7, 34.7 pg/ml), IL-4 (432.9, 421.6 pg/ml), and MPO (87.1, 89.3 pg/ml) compared to mastitis group alongside the improvement of MG histopathological findings without any side effect on renal and hepatic functions. Despite promising results with BER and CRE nanoparticles, the study is limited by small-scale trials, a focus on acute administration, and partially explored nanoparticle-biological interactions, with no economic or scalability assessments. Future research should address these limitations by expanding trial scopes, exploring interactions further, extending study durations, and assessing economic and practical scalability. Field trials and regulatory compliance are also necessary to ensure practical application and safety in the dairy industry. In conclusion, the in vitro and in vivo results proved the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory efficacy of BER/CH-NPs and CRE/CH-NPs in low doses with minimal damage to the liver and kidney functions, supposing their promising uses in mastitis treatment.