■在不同文化和整个时间内,男性偏爱年轻女性。鉴于其普遍性,择偶理论认为年龄不同的关系可能导致了孕产妇死亡率和更年期的演变.
■目的是记录过去和现在人群婚姻年龄差异的证据,并评估其与孕产妇死亡率和更年期的相关性。
■从各个地区和时间点收集横截面数据,从罗马时代到现在的十年。
■为了分析结婚年龄差异和结婚年龄,数据来自祖先。对于魁北克,马萨诸塞州,印度,南非,英格兰和威尔士。更多的数据来自联合国,作为最近和更全面的来源。分析婚姻年龄差异与不同社会因素的关系,国内生产总值数据,产妇死亡率,生育力,小学招生,童婚率,妇女占总劳动力的百分比是从世界卫生组织收集的,世界银行,和联合国国际儿童紧急基金。
■结果显示,在所有人口和采样时间范围内,男性在初婚时的年龄明显大于女性,支持伴侣选择理论的基本假设。孕产妇死亡率与年龄不同的关系密切相关,年龄差距每增加一年,每100,000例活产增加275例。
■这项研究的结果为孕产妇死亡率和更年期的择偶理论提供了支持。
全球婚姻年龄差异的变化模式为更年期的择偶理论提供了支持,提高了延迟生殖和延迟绝经逐渐转变的可能性。生物具有生存和繁殖直到死亡的内在能力,有一个例外:人类。女性经历更年期,而男性保持生育能力。在为更年期的起源提供的许多解释中,祖母假设是主导的。太老了,无法繁殖,有人争辩说,祖母停止繁殖,并通过帮助(大母亲)他们的大后代来弥补健康的损失。这个理论有两个问题:第一,大母亲和更年期不需要联系,第二,祖母不能同时太老而无法繁殖,也不能太老而无法收集资源来弥补他们的健康损失。我们提出了更年期的伴侣选择理论,该理论认为人类的交配系统是非随机的,也就是说,男性偏爱年轻女性,剥夺老年女性的生殖能力,并允许有害的生育能力突变积累,导致更年期。男性对年轻女性的偏好在不同文化中是一致的,并且主导着影响伴侣选择的所有社会关系,包括一夫一妻制,一夫一妻制,寡妇再婚,一夫多妻制,后宫,和其他人。在这项研究中,我们想测试男性对年轻女性的偏好是否随着时间的推移而广泛存在。我们从过去和现在的人群中收集了关于婚姻年龄差异的数据,从罗马时代到现在的十年,并评估了它们与孕产妇死亡率和更年期起源的相关性。结果显示,在所有人口和抽样的时间范围内,初婚时,男性的年龄明显大于女性,支持更年期伴侣选择理论的基本假设。孕产妇死亡率与年龄不同的关系密切相关,年龄差距每增加一年,每100,000例活产增加275例。通过寡妇反复伤害年轻女性的循环,孕产妇死亡率本来可以增强更年期的起源。
UNASSIGNED: Consistent across cultures and throughout time is the male preference for younger females. Given its prevalence, the mate choice theory proposes that age-disparate relationships may have contributed to the evolution of maternal mortality and menopause.
UNASSIGNED: The objective is to document evidence for age disparity in marriage from past and present populations and evaluate their relevance to maternal mortality and menopause.
UNASSIGNED: Cross-sectional data were collected from various regions and time points, ranging from the Roman era to the current decade.
UNASSIGNED: To analyze both the age disparity in marriage and age at marriage, data were collected from Ancestry.ca for Quebec, Massachusetts, India, South Africa, and England and Wales. Additional data were taken from the United Nations as a more recent and comprehensive source. To analyze the relationships between age disparity in marriage and different social factors, data on gross domestic product, maternal mortality rates, fertility, primary school enrollment, child marriage rates, and percentage of women in the total labor force were collected from the World Health Organization, World Bank, and United Nations International Children\'s Emergency Fund.
UNASSIGNED: The results showed that males were significantly older than females at first marriage in all populations and time frames sampled, supporting the assumption underlying the mate choice theory. Maternal mortality rates were strongly associated with age-disparate relationships, increasing by 275 per 100,000 live births for each additional year in the age disparity.
UNASSIGNED: The results from this study provide support for the assumption underlying the mate choice theory of maternal mortality and menopause.
Changing patterns of global age disparity in marriage provide support for the mate choice theory of menopause, raising the possibility of a gradual shift in delayed reproduction and delayed menopause. Living things have inherent capacity to survive and reproduce until they die, with one exception: humans. Women go through menopause while men remain fertile. Among the many explanations offered for the origin of menopause, grandmother hypothesis is the leading one. Being too old to reproduce, it is argued, grandmothers stop reproducing and make up for the loss of fitness through helping (grand mothering) their grand offspring. There are two problems with this theory: first, grand mothering and menopause need not be connected, and second, grandmothers cannot be simultaneously too old to reproduce and not too old to be able to gather resources to make up for their loss of fitness. We proposed a mate choice theory of menopause which posits that human mating system is non-random, that is, males have preference for younger females, depriving older females from reproduction and allowing deleterious fertility mutations to accumulate giving rise to menopause. Male preference for younger females is consistent across cultures and dominates all social relations affecting mate choice including monogamy, serial monogamy, widowers remarrying, polygamy, harem, and others. In this study, we wanted to test if male preference for younger females has been widespread through time. We collected data on age disparity in marriage from past and present populations, from Roman era to the current decade, and evaluated their relevance to the origin of maternal mortality and menopause. The results showed that males were significantly older than females at first marriage in all populations and time frames sampled, supporting the assumption underlying the mate choice theory of menopause. Maternal mortality rates were strongly associated with age–disparate relationships, increasing by 275 per 100,000 live births for each additional year in the age disparity. Through repeated cycles of widowers marring younger women, maternal mortality would have functioned as a reinforcer of the origin of menopause.