缺乏依赖单一人格调查来对野生灵长类动物进行评分的比较研究,但对于发展对人格的整体比较理解仍然至关重要。测量设计的差异,项目排除,和因素选择阻碍了跨研究比较。为了应对这些挑战,我们使用持续收集的数据来评估野生恒河猴(猕猴)的人格特质结构,发动机罩(M.radiata),和长尾(M.fascicularis)猕猴,物种典型的社会风格,以及城市或城乡环境中的人为暴露。我们对熟悉的评估者进行了51项人格调查,and,经过可靠性和结构筛选,物种之间分离的4-5因子解。出现了四个一致的因素:自信,Sociable,活动,和刺激/均衡。后一个因子在物种之间具有差异表达。易激/公平因素的项目组成与他们预期的社会风格差异一致,但是被跨地点的人为变异所困扰。我们还进行了一项针对人类灵长类动物情况的43项调查,与我们对社会风格变化的发现相似,同时也表现出与人口密度差异一致的差异。我们的发现表明,猕猴人格特质结构可能是进化和/或社会生态过程的紧急结果,但需要进一步的研究来解析这些过程的相对贡献。
Comparative studies reliant on single personality surveys to rate wild primates are scarce yet remain critical for developing a holistic comparative understanding of personality. Differences in survey design, item exclusion, and factor selection impede cross-study comparisons. To address these challenges, we used consistently collected data to assess personality trait structures in wild rhesus (
Macaca mulatta), bonnet (M. radiata), and long-tailed (M. fascicularis) macaques that varied in their degree of phylogenetic closeness, species-typical social styles, and anthropogenic exposure in urban or urban-rural environments. We administered 51-item personality surveys to familiar raters, and, after reliability and structure screenings, isolated 4-5 factor solutions among the species. Four consistent factors emerged: Confident, Sociable, Active, and Irritable/Equable. This latter factor had differential expression across species. Item composition of the Irritable/Equable factor was consistent with their anticipated differences in social styles, but confounded by cross-site anthropogenic variation. We also administered a 43-item survey confined to human-primate situations which paralleled our findings of social style variation, while also exhibiting variation that aligned with population differences in human density. Our findings indicate that macaque personality trait structures may be emergent outcomes of evolutionary and/or socioecological processes, but further research is needed to parse these processes\' relative contributions.