暂无摘要。

Indigenous groups across Africa mobilized Indigenous Knowledge (IK) practices, albeit not without challenges, to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic. Yet Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS) continue to be sidelined in formal healthcare policies and programmes. This underscores the urgency to liberate Africa\'s epistemologies. Employing the decoloniality lens, this paper examined the colonial influences inherent in African responses to COVID-19 while also exploring the role of IKS in the uMkhanyakude District Municipality (UKDM). The argument is made that, in the case of the UKDM, the efficacy of IKS was demonstrated in the response to and fight against the COVID-19 pandemic. This is the basis for the call to embrace and recognize that IKS is a legitimate body of knowledge comparable to Western science. Such recognition paves the way for more equitable, contextually relevant, and sustainable health strategies that can better address the complexities of current and future pandemics.

UNASSIGNED: Over the past two years, public health practitioners in African countries have worked actively to combat the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic with relatively low fatality rates. This pandemic has forced healthcare professionals to re-think and redesign the healthcare system within their own country.
UNASSIGNED: Using the Afrocentric PEN-3 framework and a letter style, the purpose of this commentary was to describe the positive, existential, and negative socio-cultural values associated with African healthcare systems. The commentary also highlights socio-cultural factors affecting public trust in African healthcare systems and their health agencies and how systematically decolonizing them may decrease foreign reliance and empower efficient locally based solutions.
UNASSIGNED: We, as African public health practitioners, make three key points in this commentary. First, African public health practitioners have developed resilience within under-resourced healthcare systems. Secondly, oral tradition in African societies and its byproduct (social media) is the means through which people connect and share what they know about any topics (COVID-19). Thirdly, African leaders have particularly contributed to the high level of distrust in their countries\' healthcare systems in favor of the healthcare systems of industrialized countries.
UNASSIGNED: This commentary concludes with implications for encouraging African public health practitioners to cultivate the resilience that has led to contributing to the wellness of millions of Africans during this COVID-19 pandemic.

This paper examines the supply and utilization of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in Hong Kong during the influenza epidemics of the 1950s and 1960s. Existing narratives of TCM in Hong Kong have predominantly framed with within the dichotomy of Western medicine \"Xiyi\" and Chinese medicine \"Zhongyi,\" portraying TCM as marginalized and nearly wiped out by colonial power. Departing from this binary opposition, this study views TCM as an autonomous space that had never been subjugated by the colonial power which opted for minimal interventionist approach toward TCM. By adopting diachronic and synchronic perspectives on Hong Kong\'s unique environment shaped by its colonial history and the geopolitics of the Cold War in East Asia, particularly its relationships with \"China,\" this research seeks to reassess the role and status of TCM in post-World War II Hong Kong. In Hong Kong, along with other countries in East Asia, traditional medicine has ceded its position as mainstream medicine to Western medicine. Faced with the crisis of \"extinction,\" Chinese medical professionals, including medical practitioners and merchant groups, persistently sought solidarity and \"self-renewal.\" In the 1950s and 1960s, the colonial authorities heavily relied on private entities, including charity hospitals and clinics; furthermore, there was a lack of provision of public healthcare and official prevention measures against the epidemic influenza. As such, it is not surprising that the Chinese utilized TCM, along with Western medicine, to contain the epidemics which brought about an explosive surge in the number of patients from novel influenza viruses. TCM was significantly consumed during these explosive outbreaks of influenza in 1957 and 1968. In making this argument, this paper firstly provides an overview of the associations of Chinese medical practitioners and merchants who were crucial to the development of TCM in Hong Kong. Secondly, it analyzes one level of active provision and consumption of Chinese medicine during the two flu epidemics, focusing on the medical practices of TCM practitioners in the 1957 epidemic. While recognizing the etiologic agent or agents of the disease as influenza viruses, the group of Chinese medical practitioners of the Chinese Medical Society in Hong Kong adopted the basic principles of traditional medicine regarding influenza, such as Shanghanlun and Wenbingxue, to distinguish the disease status among patients and prescribe medicine according to correct diagnoses, which were effective. Thirdly, this paper examines the level of folk culture among the people, who utilized famous prescriptions of Chinese herbal medicine and alimentotherapy, in addition to Chinese patent medicines imported from mainland China. In the context of regional commercial network, this section also demonstrates how Hong Kong served as a sole exporting port of medicinal materials (e.g., Chinese herbs) and Chinese patent medicines from the People\'s Republic of China to capitalist markets, including Hong Kong, under the socialist planned or controlled economy in the 1950s and 1960s. It was not only the efficacy of TCM in restoring immunity and alleviating symptoms of the human body, but also the voluntary efforts of these Chinese medical practitioners who sought to defend national medicine \"Guoyi,\" positioning it as complementary and alternative medicine to scientific medicine. Additionally, merchants who imported and distributed Chinese medicinal materials and national \"Guochan\" Chinese patent medicine played a crucial role, as did the people who utilized Chinese medicine, all of which contributed to making TCM thrive in colonial Hong Kong.

This paper is concerned with exploring legal atmospheres during colonial expansionism and the early period of confederation of British Columbia. By describing the theatrical and performative aspects of legal colonialism, the archival documents from this time represent interesting, yet oft-overlooked, significances that attention to sensory and affective experiences captures. Examining \"affective atmospheres\" disclosed in such colonial settings reveals ways that the colonial regime promulgated its influence in non-rational, non-legal manners. As well, drawing out the material conditions of topography shows how the environment acts more than just a backdrop for the staging of legal expansionism, as it acts also as a constitutive force in the development of colonial legal arrangements. At the same time, the colonial regime was forgetful of these same contextual, topographical, and atmospheric origins of law insofar as it promulgated myths of the universality, objectivity, and superiority of English law.

The advancement of digital technologies has stimulated immense excitement about the possibilities of transforming healthcare, especially in resource-constrained contexts. For many, this rapid growth presents a \'digital health revolution\'. While this is true, there are also dangers that the proliferation of digital health in the global south reinforces existing colonialities. Underpinned by the rhetoric of modernity, rationality and progress, many countries in the global south are pushing for digital health transformation in ways that ignore robust regulation, increase commercialisation and disregard local contexts, which risks heightened inequalities. We propose a decolonial agenda for digital health which shifts the liner and simplistic understanding of digital innovation as the magic wand for health justice. In our proposed approach, we argue for both conceptual and empirical reimagination of digital health agendas in ways that centre indigenous and intersectional theories. This enables the prioritisation of local contexts and foregrounds digital health regulatory infrastructures as a possible site of both struggle and resistance. Our decolonial digital health agenda critically reflects on who is benefitting from digital health systems, centres communities and those with lived experiences and finally introduces robust regulation to counter the social harms of digitisation.

Colonialism\'s enduring impact on Brazil has had significant implications for health and oncology outcomes. This historical essay delves into the profound changes brought about by the transatlantic slave trade from Africa to the Americas, particularly in terms of its influence on the economy, sociocultural habits, and health outcomes. This essay explores the enduring connections between the colonial period\'s operational dynamics in Brazil and the current epidemiological panorama of head and neck cancer (HNC). The examination provides original insights on the role of tobacco and alcohol production and consumption, alongside the investigation of structural racism, which contributes to disparities in access to diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis for patients with HNC. This article presents novel visions and an analysis of evidence-based strategies to disrupt the adverse impact of colonialism\'s legacy on the epidemiology of HNC in Brazil.

Contemporary scholars routinely argue colonialism and imperialism are indistinguishable. In this essay, I challenge this argument. While it is true the \"colonial\" and \"imperial\" overlap and intersect historically, I argue there is a central thread of modern colonialism as an ideology that can be traced from the seventeenth century to mid-twentieth century that was not only distinct from-but often championed in explicit opposition to-imperialism. I advance my argument in four parts. First, I identify key ways in which the colonial can be distinguished from the imperial, including most importantly the specific kind of productive power inherent in colonialism. Second, I examine how colonialism and imperialism evolve in meaning and are redefined by both champions and critics, in relation to each other in the late nineteenth/early twentieth centuries. Third, I examine the historical moment when colonialism and imperialism fully conflate after WWII through the UN process of decolonization as the \"salt water thesis\" delimits colonialism to mean foreign racialized domination, and it thus becomes synonymous with imperialism. I conclude with an analysis of why the distinction still matters in both theory and practice.

Colonialism, which involves the systemic domination of lands, markets, peoples, assets, cultures or political institutions to exploit, misappropriate and extract wealth and resources, affects health in many ways. In recent years, interest has grown in the decolonization of global health with a focus on correcting power imbalances between high-income and low-income countries and on challenging ideas and values of some wealthy countries that shape the practice of global health. We argue that decolonization of global health must also address the relationship between global health actors and contemporary forms of colonialism, in particular the current forms of corporate and financialized colonialism that operate through globalized systems of wealth extraction and profiteering. We present a three-part agenda for action that can be taken to decolonize global health. The first part relates to the power asymmetries that exist between global health actors from high-income and historically privileged countries and their counterparts in low-income and marginalized settings. The second part concerns the colonization of the structures and systems of global health governance itself. The third part addresses how colonialism occurs through the global health system. Addressing all forms of colonialism calls for a political and economic anticolonialism as well as social decolonization aimed at ensuring greater national, racial, cultural and knowledge diversity within the structures of global health.
Le colonialisme, qui implique la domination systémique de terres, de marchés, de peuples, de ressources, de cultures ou d’institutions politiques dans le but d’exploiter, de détourner et d’extraire des richesses et des ressources, affecte la santé de nombreuses manières. Ces dernières années, la décolonisation de la santé mondiale a suscité un intérêt croissant, l’accent étant mis sur la correction des déséquilibres de pouvoir entre les pays à revenu élevé et les pays à faible revenu, ainsi que sur la remise en question des idées et des valeurs de certains pays riches qui façonnent la pratique de la santé mondiale. Nous soutenons que la décolonisation de la santé mondiale doit également aborder la relation entre les acteurs de la santé mondiale et les formes contemporaines de colonialisme, en particulier les formes actuelles de colonialisme d’entreprise et de colonialisme financiarisé qui opèrent par des systèmes mondialisés d’extraction de richesses et de profits. Nous présentons un programme d’action en trois parties destiné à décoloniser la santé mondiale. La première partie porte sur les asymétries de pouvoir existant entre les acteurs de la santé mondiale des pays à hauts revenus et historiquement privilégiés et leurs homologues des pays à faibles revenus et marginalisés. La deuxième partie concerne la colonisation des structures et des systèmes de la gouvernance mondiale de la santé elle-même. La troisième partie traite de la manière dont le colonialisme se manifeste à travers le système de santé mondial. La lutte contre toutes les formes de colonialisme nécessite un anticolonialisme politique et économique ainsi qu’une décolonisation sociale visant à garantir une plus grande diversité nationale, raciale, culturelle et des connaissances au sein des structures de la santé mondiale.
El colonialismo, que implica la dominación sistémica de tierras, mercados, pueblos, bienes, culturas o instituciones políticas para explotar, apropiarse indebidamente y extraer riqueza y recursos, afecta a la salud de muchas maneras. En los últimos años ha crecido el interés por descolonizar la salud mundial, en particular para corregir los desequilibrios de poder entre los países de ingresos altos y los de ingresos bajos, y para cuestionar las ideas y los valores de algunos países ricos que influyen en la práctica de la salud mundial. Sostenemos que la descolonización de la salud mundial también debe abordar la relación entre los actores de la salud mundial y las formas contemporáneas de colonialismo, en especial las formas actuales de colonialismo corporativo y financiarizado que operan a través de sistemas globalizados de extracción de riqueza y especulación. Presentamos un programa de acción dividido en tres partes para descolonizar la salud mundial. La primera parte se refiere a las asimetrías de poder que existen entre los actores de la salud mundial procedentes de países de ingresos altos e históricamente privilegiados y sus homólogos de entornos de ingresos bajos y marginados. La segunda parte se refiere a la colonización de las estructuras y sistemas de la propia gobernanza de la salud mundial. La tercera parte aborda cómo se produce el colonialismo a través del sistema sanitario mundial. Abordar todas las formas de colonialismo exige un anticolonialismo político y económico, así como una descolonización social destinada a garantizar una mayor diversidad nacional, racial, cultural y de conocimientos dentro de las estructuras de la salud mundial.
ينطوي الاستعمار على السيطرة المنظمة على الأراضي، أو الأسواق، أو الشعوب، أو الأصول، أو الثقافات، أو المؤسسات السياسية، وذلك بغرض استغلال الثروات والموارد، وسلبهما واستخراجهما، وهو ما يؤثر على الصحة بعدة طرق. في السنوات الأخيرة، تزايد الاهتمام بإنهاء سيطرة الاستعمار على الصحة العالمية مع التركيز على تصحيح اختلال توازن القوى بين الدول مرتفعة الدخل والدول منخفضة الدخل، وعلى الأفكار والقيم الصعبة لبعض الدول الغنية التي تشكل ممارسة الصحة العالمية. نحن نزعم أن إنهاء سيطرة الاستعمار على الصحة العالمية يجب أن يتعامل أيضًا مع العلاقة بين الأطراف الفاعلة في مجال الصحة العالمية، والأشكال المعاصرة للاستعمار، وبخاصة الأشكال الحالية لاستعمار الشركات والاستعمار المالي الذي يعمل من خلال أنظمة عولمة لاستخراج الثروة وتحقيق الأرباح. إننا نقدم أجندة عمل مكونة من ثلاثة أجزاء يمكن اتخاذها لإنهاء سيطرة الاستعمار على الصحة العالمية. ويتعلق الجزء الأول بعدم تناسق القوى الموجود بين الأطراف الفاعلة في مجال الصحة العالمية من الدول مرتفعة الدخل، والدول البارزة تاريخياً، ونظيراتها ذات الأوضاع منخفضة الدخل والمهمشة. ويتعلق الجزء الثاني بسيطرة الاستعمار على هياكل وأنظمة إدارة الصحة العالمية نفسها. ويتناول الجزء الثالث كيفية حدوث الاستعمار من خلال النظام الصحي العالمي. إن التعامل مع جميع أشكال الاستعمار يدعو إلى مواجهة الاستعمار السياسي والاقتصادي، وكذلك إنهاء سيطرة الاستعمار الاجتماعي بهدف ضمان قدر أكبر من التنوع الوطني، والعرقي، والثقافي، والمعرفي داخل هياكل الصحة العالمية.
殖民主义在许多方面影响人们的健康，主要涉及对土地、市场、人民、资产、文化或政治机构的系统性统治，以剥削、盗用和榨取财富和资源。近年来，人们对全球卫生去殖民化的关注程度愈来愈高，主要关注矫正高收入和低收入国家之间的权力失衡，挑战一些富裕国家的思想和价值观，这些思想和价值观影响着全球的卫生实践。我们认为，全球卫生去殖民化还必须处理全球卫生行动机构与当代形式殖民主义之间的关系，特别是通过全球化的财富攫取和暴利体系运作的当前形式的企业和金融化殖民主义。我们提出了一个由三部分组成的行动议程，用来实现全球卫生去殖民化。第一部分涉及来自高收入和历史上享有特权国家的全球卫生行动机构与低收入和边缘化国家的同行之间存在的权力不对称。第二部分涉及全球卫生治理结构和体系本身的殖民化。第三部分讨论殖民主义是如何通过全球卫生系统发生的。解决一切形式的殖民主义需要政治和经济反殖民主义以及社会去殖民化，以确保全球卫生结构内更大的民族、种族、文化和知识多样性。.
Колониализм, который подразумевает системное господство над землями, рынками, народами, ресурсами, культурами или политическими институтами с целью эксплуатации, присвоения и извлечения богатств и ресурсов, во многом оказывает влияние на здоровье. В последние годы возрос интерес к деколонизации глобального здравоохранения с акцентом на устранение дисбаланса сил между странами с высоким и низким уровнем доходов и на оспаривание идей и ценностей некоторых стран с высоким уровнем жизни, которые определяют практику глобального здравоохранения. Авторы статьи утверждают, что деколонизация глобального здравоохранения должна также затрагивать отношения между субъектами глобального здравоохранения и современными формами колониализма, в частности современными формами корпоративного и финансированного колониализма, которые действуют через глобализованные системы извлечения богатства и спекуляции. В этой статье представлена программа действий, состоящая из трех частей, которая может быть использована для деколонизации глобального здравоохранения. Первая часть посвящена асимметрии власти, существующей между субъектами глобального здравоохранения из стран с высоким уровнем доходов и исторически привилегированных стран и их коллегами из стран с низким уровнем доходов и маргинализированных слоев населения. Вторая часть касается колонизации структур и систем глобального управления здравоохранением. В третьей части рассматриваются способы проявления колониализма в глобальной системе здравоохранения. Борьба со всеми формами колониализма требует проведения политического и экономического антиколониализма, а также социальной деколонизации, направленной на обеспечение большего национального, расового, культурного и информационного разнообразия в структурах глобального здравоохранения.

Recent research has highlighted the impacts of colonialism and racism in global health, yet few studies have presented concrete steps toward addressing the problems. We conducted a narrative review to identify published evidence that documented guiding frameworks for enhancing equity and inclusion in global health research and practice (GHRP). Based on this narrative review, we developed a questionnaire with a series of reflection questions related on commonly reported challenges related to diversity, inclusion, equity, and power imbalances. To reach consensus on a set of priority questions relevant to each theme, the questionnaire was sent to a sample of 18 global health experts virtually and two rounds of iterations were conducted. Results identified eight thematic areas and 19 reflective questions that can assist global health researchers and practitioners striving to implement socially just global health reforms. Key elements identified for improving GHRP include: (1) aiming to understand the historical context and power dynamics within the areas touched by the program; (2) promoting and mobilizing local stakeholders and leadership and ensuring measures for their participation in decision-making; (3) ensuring that knowledge products are co-produced and more equitably accessible; (4) establishing a more holistic feedback and accountability system to understand needed reforms based on local perspectives; and (5) applying systems thinking to addressing challenges and encouraging approaches that can be sustained long-term. GHRP professionals should reflect more deeply on how their goals align with those of their in-country collaborators. The consistent application of reflective processes has the potential to shift GHRP towards increased equity.