冰片(yongnoe)是一种具有独特功效的香料和药用成分。然而,它只能在热带东南亚生产,只能通过国际贸易获得。此外,樟脑(jangnoe)具有类似的材料性能的开发和分布作为一种廉价的替代冰片,虽然加工方法与冰片不同。即使在朝鲜,冰片和樟脑被认为是单独的药物,并努力获得高质量的冰片。冰片和樟脑有缓解炎症的独特功效,痛苦和沉重的感觉,所以它可以广泛应用于各种疾病的症状。在朝鲜时期,冰片是一种稀有物品,只能通过外贸获得,它也被用于香水和驱虫剂,但最广泛用作药物。有许多实际上给王室开冰片的记录,许多含有冰片的药物及其有效症状也记录在医学书籍中。由于每年在农历第十二个月向法院官员分发“nabyak”的做法,Borneol得以在朝鲜社会广泛传播。由于nabyak被用作家用药物,必要时可以储存和使用,含有可用于各种症状的冰片的药丸适用于此目的。尽管有相当大的医疗需求,冰片是重要的“dangyakjae”之一,进口到朝鲜的中药。在朝鲜时期,冰片是通过中国和日本进口的,但是真正的冰片很难获得,所以它经常作为特使贸易的礼物送给朝鲜。人们认为樟脑也是进口的,但是在反映国家需求的官方记录或医学书籍中没有很好地提及。也许这被认为是因为政府优先考虑获得质量更好的冰片而不是樟脑。在17世纪初,由于特使前往明朝的路线不稳定,朝鲜只能通过大海进口冰片。因此,冰片的供应和质量有问题,国家对日本冰片的兴趣暂时增加。然而,随着与清朝关系的稳定,建立了一个通过年度特使贸易进口国家冰片需求的系统。Naeuiwon,王室医疗中心负责中药的安全和处方,但费用由Hojo支付的白银支付,朝鲜王朝财政部。由于用于制备nabyak的中药数量不小,进口包括冰片在内的足够药物的财政负担增加了。政府的供应商在向政府提供中药方面发挥了作用。他们的出现表明,私人商人积极参与了包括冰片在内的中药贸易。私人商人活动的医药市场的形成极大地促进了冰片应用和分销的广泛扩展。
Borneol(yongnoe) was a fragrance and medicinal ingredient with unique efficacy. However, it could be produced only in tropical Southeast Asia and obtained only through international trade. In addition,
camphor(jangnoe) with similar material properties was developed and distributed as an inexpensive replacement for borneol, although the processing method is different from that of borneol. Even in Joseon Korea, borneol and
camphor were recognized as separate medicines, and efforts were made to obtain a high-quality borneol. Borneol and
camphor have a unique effect of relieving inflammation, pain and heavy feeling, so it could be widely applied to symptoms in various diseases. During the Joseon period, borneol was a rare item that could only be obtained through foreign trade, and it was also used for perfumes and insect repellents, but most widely used as medicine. There are many records of actually prescribing borneol to the royal family, and many medicines containing borneol and its effective symptoms were also recorded in the medical books. Borneol was able to spread widely in Joseon society thanks to the practice of distributing \'nabyak\' to court officials every year in the twelfth month of the lunar calendar. Since nabyak was used as a household medicine that was stored and used when necessary, pills containing borneol that could be applied to various symptoms were suitable for this purpose. Despite considerable medical demand, borneol was one of the important \'dangyakjae\', the Chinese medicines imported to Joseon. During the Joseon period, borneol was imported through China and Japan, but genuine borneol was difficult to obtain, so it was often presented to Joseon as gifts of envoy trade. It is thought that
camphor was also imported, but it is not well mentioned in official records or medical books reflecting national demand. Perhaps this is thought to be because the government prioritized securing better quality borneol rather than campher. In the early 17th century, due to the instability of the envoy\'s route to the Ming Dynasty, Joseon had to import borneol only through the sea. As a result, there were problems with the supply and quality of borneol, and national interest in Japanese borneol temporarily increased. However, as the relationship with the Qing Dynasty stabilized, a system was established to import national borneol demand through the annual envoy trade. Naeuiwon, the medical center for the royal family is in charge of securing and prescribing Chinese medicines, but the cost was covered by the silver paid by Hojo, the ministry of finance of Joseon Dynasty. Since the amount of Chinese medicines used in the preparation of nabyak was not small, the financial burden of importing enough medicines including borneol increased. The purveyors for government played a role in supplying Chinese medicines to the government. Their appearance shows that private merchants were actively involved in the trade of Chinese medicines including borneol. The formation of the medicinal market by private merchants\' activities greatly contributed to the widespread expansion of the applications and distribution of borneol.