UNASSIGNED: The utilization of smartphone-assisted evaluation is emerging in the field of histopathology. This technique improves the adequacy of samples at the bedside, avoids procedure-related complications, reduces unnecessary repeat biopsies, and saves the cost of the procedure. This study aims to compare the number of glomeruli in a renal biopsy specimen obtained by an ultrasound-guided percutaneous needle biopsy, counted at the bedside using a smartphone fitted with a 16-megapixel macro lens (Bedside method) with that observed under a light microscope after the processing of the biopsy specimen (LM method).
UNASSIGNED: In this prospective cohort study, 24 consecutive adult patients (48 kidney biopsy samples) who underwent kidney biopsies were enrolled. All specimens were extracted by an ultrasound-guided percutaneous renal biopsy from the lower pole of the left kidney. Patients\' demographics and clinical data were prospectively collected. The number of glomeruli in all the biopsy specimens was counted using a smartphone fitted with a 16-megapixel macro lens at the bedside (Bedside method) and subsequently under a light microscope by a pathologist after processing the biopsy specimen (LM method). Seven or more glomeruli in the specimen were considered adequate in our study.
UNASSIGNED: The mean age of patients at biopsy was 46.9 ± 16 years with slightly male predominance (54.2%). A total of 47 specimens were obtained from 24 patients. Of the 24 patients, 22 had native kidney biopsy and 2 had renal allograft biopsy. The average number of cores obtained per patient was 1.96. The length of core specimens ranged from 1.5 to 2 cm. A good agreement was found between bedside adequacy and slide adequacy, κ =0.684, P = 0.000. The positive agreement rate and negative agreement rate were 91.4% and 23.1%, respectively.
UNASSIGNED: In the modern era of technology, the smartphone is a good tool to evaluate the adequacy of biopsy specimens at the bedside.

UNASSIGNED: Patients with kidney failure treated with maintenance haemodialysis (HD) require appropriate small molecule clearance. Historically, a component of measuring \'dialysis adequacy\' has been quantified using urea kinetic modelling that is dependent on the HD prescription. However, the impact of dialysate flow rate on urea clearance remains poorly described in vivo and its influence on other patient-important outcomes of adequacy is uncertain.
UNASSIGNED: We searched Embase, MEDLINE and the Cochrane Library from inception until April 2022 for randomized controlled trials and observational trials comparing a higher dialysate flow rate (800 ml/min) and lower dialysate flow rate (300 ml/min) with a standard dialysis flow rate (500 ml/min) in adults (age ≥18 years) treated with maintenance HD (>90 consecutive days). We conducted a random effects meta-analysis to estimate the pooled mean difference in dialysis adequacy as measured by Kt/V or urea reduction ratio (URR).
UNASSIGNED: A total of 3118 studies were identified. Of those, nine met eligibility criteria and four were included in the meta-analysis. A higher dialysate flow rate (800 ml/min) increased single-pool Kt/V by 0.08 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.05-0.10, P < .00001] and URR by 3.38 (95% CI 1.97-4.78, P < .00001) compared with a dialysate flow rate of 500 ml/min. Clinically relevant outcomes including symptoms, cognition, physical function and mortality were lacking and studies were generally at a moderate risk of bias due to issues with randomization sequence generation, allocation concealment and blinding.
UNASSIGNED: A higher dialysate flow increased urea-based markers of dialysis adequacy. Additional high-quality research is needed to determine the clinical, economic and environmental impacts of higher dialysate flow rates.

BACKGROUND: The efficacy of endoscopic ultrasound-guided liver biopsy (EUS-LB) compared to percutaneous liver biopsy (PC-LB) remains uncertain.
METHODS: Our data consist of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing EUS-LB to PC-LB, found through a literature search via PubMed/Medline and Embase. The primary outcome was sample adequacy, whereas secondary outcomes were longest and total lengths of tissue specimens, diagnostic accuracy, and number of complete portal tracts (CPTs).
RESULTS: Sample adequacy did not significantly differ between EUS-LB and PC-LB (risk ratio [RR] 1.18; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.58-2.38; p = 0.65), with very low evidence quality and inadequate sample size as per trial sequential analysis (TSA). The two techniques were equivalent with respect to diagnostic accuracy (RR: 1; CI: 0.95-1.05; p = 0.88), mean number of complete portal tracts (mean difference: 2.29, -4.08 to 8.66; p = 0.48), and total specimen length (mean difference: -0.51, -20.92 to 19.9; p = 0.96). The mean maximum specimen length was significantly longer in the PC-LB group (mean difference: -3.11, -5.51 to -0.71; p = 0.01), and TSA showed that the required information size was reached.
CONCLUSIONS: EUS-LB and PC-LB are comparable in terms of diagnostic performance although PC-LB provides longer non-fragmented specimens.

Traditionally, dialysis adequacy has been assessed primarily by determining the clearance of a single small solute, urea. Nevertheless, it has become increasingly evident that numerous other factors play a crucial role in the overall well-being, outcomes and quality of life of dialysis patients. Consequently, in recent years, there has been a notable paradigm shift in guidelines and recommendations regarding dialysis adequacy. This shift represents a departure from a narrow focus only on the removal of specific toxins, embracing a more holistic, person-centered approach. This new perspective underscores the critical importance of improving the well-being of individuals undergoing dialysis while simultaneously minimizing the overall treatment burden. It is based on a double focus on both clinical outcomes and a comprehensive patient experience. To achieve this, a person-centered approach must be embraced when devising care strategies for each individual. This requires a close collaboration between the healthcare team and the patient, facilitating an in-depth understanding of the patient\'s unique goals, priorities and preferences while striving for the highest quality of care during treatment. The aim of this publication is to address the existing evidence on this all-encompassing approach to treatment care for patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis and provide a concise overview to promote a deeper understanding of this person-centered approach.

A liver biopsy (LB) is a crucial diagnostic tool for evaluating liver diseases and is traditionally performed percutaneously under ultrasound guidance (PC-LB). However, endoscopic ultrasound-guided liver biopsy (EUS-LB) has emerged as an alternative approach, offering potential advantages over conventional techniques. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to compare the effectiveness and safety of EUS-LB using modern core biopsy needles with PC-LB. A comprehensive literature search identified nine studies involving 785 patients that met the inclusion criteria. The meta-analysis evaluated three primary endpoints: diagnostic adequacy, diagnostic accuracy, and adverse event rates. The results indicated no significant difference in overall diagnostic adequacy (odds ratio: 0.446, 95% CI: 0.192-1.031) or diagnostic accuracy (odds ratio: 1.646, 95% CI: 0.224-12.09) between EUS-LB and PC-LB. Furthermore, the combined occurrence of adverse events did not differ significantly between the two procedures (odds ratio: 0.653, 95% CI: 0.298-1.431). However, PC-LB demonstrated superiority in obtaining a higher number of complete portal tracts (mean difference: -0.985, 95% CI: -1.753 to -0.218), indicating better specimen quality. While both EUS-LB and PC-LB exhibited similar diagnostic performance and safety profiles, PC-LB provided higher-quality specimens, which may be advantageous in cases where accurate diagnosis and staging are critical, such as the evaluation of liver fibrosis. Clinicians should consider factors like specimen quality, procedural preferences, and local expertise when selecting the appropriate biopsy approach tailored to individual patient needs and clinical circumstances.

UNASSIGNED: In recent years, there has been a notable uptake in genomic and health-related research activities across the African continent. Similarly, there has been increased introduction of data protection legislation that affects the sharing of personal data such as health data and genomic data, including for research. Many of these statutes have stricter requirements when sharing personal data across borders. Consequently, the cross-border sharing of health data that includes genetic data requires careful navigation of the pertinent data protection legislation, in particular concerning the sharing of such data for research purposes. To help researchers navigate these legal frameworks, 12 African countries were analysed to develop country guides on cross-border data sharing.
UNASSIGNED: Of the 12 countries that were analysed, ten have data protection laws in place (Botswana, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zimbabwe), while two countries (Cameroon and The Gambia) do not. With the exception of Ghana, all countries with data protection statutes or bills had additional requirements to be met when sharing personal data across borders. Consent and adequacy are the most common grounds for justifying the sharing of personal data across borders.
UNASSIGNED: Given the limitations of the current models of consent, consent is not a suitable basis to transfer large quantities of data for research. Adequacy is a common ground, but there are national differences in the implementation of this ground. Researchers must therefore analyse each national legal framework and make decisions on a case-by-case and country-by-country basis.

UNASSIGNED: Breast cancer requires multidisciplinary management. Pathologists and physicians communicate using the histopathology request form and the pathology report. There are some minimal criteria that both should respect.
UNASSIGNED: We assessed the adequacy of histopathology request forms and pathology reports in the management of female breast cancer specimens in Southern Benin.
UNASSIGNED: This was a cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical study, with retrospective data collection over 57 months (4 years and 9 months). The adequacy of the histopathology request forms and pathology reports was assessed on the basis of the recommendations of the Haute Autorité de Santé (HAS) of France. Data processing was done using SPSS software. We checked frequencies with the Chi2 test, with a significance level set at 5%.
UNASSIGNED: 31.3% of histopathology request forms complied with HAS recommendations. Pathology reports were presented in a narrative way in 92.7% of cases and 68.8% met the minimal criteria. The presence of vascular embolus, of hormone receptors and the HER2 status were all reported in only 29.2% of the reports.
UNASSIGNED: The draft of histopathology request forms and pathology reports did not comply to the required minimal criteria. This situation could mainly be explained by the inexistence of consensus between physicians and pathologists and by the lack of immunohistochemistry. Editing national referentials and using synoptic reports would give better results.

Tracking the state of biodiversity over time is critical to successful conservation, but conventional monitoring schemes tend to be insufficient to adequately quantify how species\' abundances and distributions are changing. One solution to this issue is to leverage data generated by citizen scientists, who collect vast quantities of data at temporal and spatial scales that cannot be matched by most traditional monitoring methods. However, the quality of citizen science data can vary greatly. In this paper, we develop three metrics (inventory completeness, range completeness, spatial bias) to assess the adequacy of spatial observation data. We explore the adequacy of citizen science data at the species level for Australia\'s terrestrial native birds and then model these metrics against a suite of seven species traits (threat status, taxonomic uniqueness, body mass, average count, range size, species density, and human population density) to identify predictors of data adequacy. We find that citizen science data adequacy for Australian birds is increasing across two of our metrics (inventory completeness and range completeness), but not spatial bias, which has worsened over time. Relationships between the three metrics and seven traits we modelled were variable, with only two traits having consistently significant relationships across the three metrics. Our results suggest that although citizen science data adequacy has generally increased over time, there are still gaps in the spatial adequacy of citizen science for monitoring many Australian birds. Despite these gaps, citizen science can play an important role in biodiversity monitoring by providing valuable baseline data that may be supplemented by information collected through other methods. We believe the metrics presented here constitute an easily applied approach to assessing the utility of citizen science datasets for biodiversity analyses, allowing researchers to identify and prioritise regions or species with lower data adequacy that will benefit most from targeted monitoring efforts.

UNASSIGNED: Adequate haemodialysis helps maintain normal renal function by removing toxins and other waste products in patients with end-stage kidney disease. This study was aimed at determining the prevalence and predictors of adequacy of haemodialysis and outcomes in patients with end-stage kidney disease.
UNASSIGNED: This longitudinal analytical hospital-based study was conducted at two dialysis centres in Dodoma city, Tanzania, between February and July of 2020. Adequacy of haemodialysis was measured with single-pool (sp) Kt/V and urea reduction rate (URR) formulae. Binary logistic regression and multivariable analysis were used to assess the independent predictors of adequacy of haemodialysis.
UNASSIGNED: The analysis included 100 patients with a mean age of 50.6 ± 15.0 years. The prevalence of adequacy of haemodialysis according to URR and sp-Kt/V was 72 % and 75 %, respectively. Having <12 months since dialysis initiation (AOR = 7.3, 95 % CI = 0.11-0.90, p = 0.032), fewer than three dialysis sessions per week (AOR = 6.9, 95 % CI = 1.52-31.49, p = 0.013) and severe anaemia (AOR = 2.2, 95 % CI = 0.26-0.93, p = 0.033) were predictors of inadequate haemodialysis, according to the URR formula. Having fewer than three dialysis sessions per week was significantly associated with inadequate haemodialysis (AOR = 5.6, 95 % CI = 1.47-19.66, p = 0.011), according to the sp-Kt/V formula. The mortality rate was 11.2 %, and cardiovascular disease and uremic syndrome were responsible for most deaths.
UNASSIGNED: This study indicated a high percentage of adequacy of haemodialysis among patients with end-stage kidney disease. Having fewer than three dialysis sessions per week, late initiation of dialysis after diagnosis of end-stage kidney disease and severe anaemia were predictors of inadequate haemodialysis among patients.
UNASSIGNED: يساعد غسيل الكلى المناسب في الحفاظ على الوظيفة الطبيعية للكلى عن طريق إزالة السموم والنفايات الأخرى لدى المرضى الذين يعانون من مرض الكلى في المرحلة النهائية. تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى تحديد مدى انتشار ومؤشرات كفاية غسيل الكلى ونتائج المرضى الذين يعانون من مرض الكلى في المرحلة النهائية.
UNASSIGNED: كانت هذه دراسة تحليلية طولية قائمة على المستشفى تم إجراؤها في مركزين لغسيل الكلى في مدينة دودوما، تنزانيا في الفترة من فبراير إلى يوليو 2020. وتم قياس كفاية غسيل الكلى باستخدام مجموعة واحدة من (ك ت/ف) وصيغ معدل تخفيض اليوريا. تم استخدام تحليل الانحدار اللوجستي الثنائي تحت التحليل متعدد المتغيرات لتقييم تنبئ مستقل بكفاية غسيل الكلى.
UNASSIGNED: تم تضمين ما مجموعه 100 مريض بمتوسط عمر 50.6 ± 15.0 سنة في التحليل. كان معدل انتشار كفاية غسيل الكلى لمعدل خفض اليوريا 72% ولـ (اس بي-ك ت/ف) 75%. إن وجود أقل من 12 شهرا منذ بدء غسيل الكلى، وإجراء أقل من 3 جلسات غسيل كلوي أسبوعيا، والإصابة بفقر الدم الشديد، كانت تنبئ بعدم تحقيق غسيل الكلى المناسب وفقا لمعادلة معدل خفض اليوريا. ارتبط إجراء أقل من 3 جلسات غسيل كلوي أسبوعيا بشكل كبير بعدم وجود غسيل كلوي كاف وفقا لصيغة (اس بي-ك ت/ف). كان معدل الوفيات 11.2%، وكانت أمراض القلب والأوعية الدموية ومتلازمة اليوريمي مسؤولة عن معظم الوفيات.
UNASSIGNED: أظهرت هذه الدراسة نسبة عالية من كفاية غسيل الكلى بين المرضى الذين يعانون من مرض الكلى في المرحلة النهائية. إن إجراء أقل من 3 جلسات غسيل كلوي أسبوعيا، والبدء المتأخر لغسيل الكلى بعد تشخيص مرض الكلى في المرحلة النهائية، وفقر الدم الشديد، كانت تنبئ بالفشل في تحقيق غسيل الكلى المناسب بين المرضى.

UNASSIGNED: Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is a simple procedure that is widely accepted as a first-line investigation. It should ideally be performed near the patient with microscopic assessment for evaluation of adequacy of aspirate. Since this is not always possible, a worthwhile substitute is to assess the gross appearance of the material obtained. This study was aimed to determine the value of this alternative rapid, bed-side approach.
UNASSIGNED: This study was carried out in a tertiary care hospital for a duration of 1 year, where 50 cases undergoing FNAC in the out-patient department (OPD) were included. Unstained smears of commonly encountered lesions were photographed and assessed by three independent observers, who graded them into four grades, viz. Grade 1: unlikely to contain diagnostic material. Grade 2: possibly contains diagnostic material. Grade 3: probably contains diagnostic material. Grade 4: material suggesting a specific diagnosis. Results were subsequently compared with the microscopic findings of stained smears.
UNASSIGNED: Distribution of the 50 cases between grades 1, 2, 3, and 4 were 5, 6, 17, and 22, respectively.
UNASSIGNED: Gross appearances of FNA smears are helpful in predicting the adequacy of the sample and sometimes the final microscopic diagnosis. The cellularity of a sample can be gauged by inspection and sometimes a likely diagnosis can be made. Some lesions show typical gross appearance easily detected by the experienced eye so a likely diagnosis can be predicted prior to microscopic examination. However, near-patient microscopic assessment of FNA specimens for rapid onsite evaluation, if available, should be the preferred mode.