UNASSIGNED: Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the nasal mucosa. However, few studies focus on the distributional characteristics of allergens in AR patients in Southern Fujian Province, China.
UNASSIGNED: A skin prick test (SPT) was performed and eight common allergens including Dermatophagoides farinae (Df), Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Dpt), weeds, animal dander, molds, cockroaches, and mangoes were chosen.
UNASSIGNED: The positive reactions rate to the allergens was 65.79% in 6689 patients in Southern Fujian Province. Positive reactions to Df and Dpt had a negative association with age, whereas positive reactions to cockroach and weed had a positive association with age. A linear trend analysis demonstrated a significant positive relationship between positive reactions to various allergens from 2016 to 2019. Positive reactions to Df and Dpt were both correlated with the season. Positive reactions to Df, Dpt, cockroach and weed were related to disease duration and positive reactions to cockroach were correlated with city residence. Multivariate analysis revealed that male positive reactions gradually decreased with age (≤ 60), in contrast to female (≤ 60) positive reactions. Statistical difference was observed between the genders with regard to AR incidence from 2016 to 2019. The positive rate of skin tests was highest in summer in men, whereas in women it was lowest in summer. The gender composition ratios of positive cases in Xiamen, Zhangzhou, and Quanzhou cities differed significantly. The proportion of patients with positive reactions to the allergens in the three cities decreased with age. The highest proportions of patients with positive reactions all occurred during summer in the three cities. Furthermore, there were statistically significant differences in the age composition ratios across the seasons.
UNASSIGNED: This study analyzed the distributional characteristics of AR allergens in Southern Fujian Province, China. These findings will inform specific immunotherapy for AR patients.

Tropomyosin has been identified as the major cross-reactive shellfish allergen, but recent studies showed the presence of other clinically relevant allergens. This study aims at determining the allergic immune responses of mice sensitized with raw and boiled shrimp extracts in comparison to recombinant tropomyosin (rTM). Female Balb/c mice were intragastrically sensitized and challenged with raw, boiled shrimp or rTM. Systemic, cellular and humoral allergic responses were compared, while allergenicity of the extracts was also compared by skin prick test (SPT) and immunoblot on shrimp allergic subjects. We showed that rTM and shrimp extracts induced IgE- and Th2-mediated allergic responses in mice, distinguished by remarkable intestinal inflammation in small intestine across all regimens. Notably, boiled shrimp extract exhibited the highest sensitization rate (73.7% of mice developed positive TM-specific IgE response) when compared with raw extract (47.8%) and rTM (34.8%). Mice sensitized with boiled extract manifested the highest allergen-specific IgE and Th2 cytokine responses than the others. Immunoblot results indicated that tropomyosin remained the major allergen in extract-based sensitization and had stronger allergenicity in a heat-treated form comparing to untreated TM, which was in line with the SPT results that boiled extract induced larger wheal size in patients. Hemocyanin and glycogen phosphorylase were also identified as minor allergens associated with manifestation of shrimp allergy. This study shows that boiled extract enhanced sensitization and Th2 responses in agreement with the higher allergenicity of heat-treated TM. This study thus presents three shrimp allergy murine models suitable for mechanistic and intervention studies, and in vivo evidence implies higher effectiveness of boiled extract for the clinical diagnosis of shellfish allergy.

UNASSIGNED: This study aimed to analyze the sensitization rate of different aeroallergens in children of different age, sex, and disease groups, describe the changing trend of different aeroallergens in different ages, and analyze the sensitization risk factors for asthma.
UNASSIGNED: Children (<18 years old) with suspected atopic diseases who visited the Department of Allergy of Children\'s Hospital Affiliated to Capital Institute of Pediatrics and underwent a skin prick test (SPT) were retrospectively enrolled from January 2019 to November 2021.
UNASSIGNED: A total of 5465 patients (3514 boys, 1951 girls; mean age, 7 ± 3 years) were enrolled. Of them, 3703 patients (67.8%) were sensitized to at least one aeroallergen. Before 4 years of age, mold was the most prevalent aeroallergen (103/380 [27.1%]), whereas after 4 years of age, weed pollen was the most prevalent aeroallergen. After 6 years of age, tree pollen became the second most prevalent aeroallergen. After 12 years of age, the sensitization rate of indoor aeroallergens was lower than that of outdoor aeroallergens. Logistic regression showed that sensitization to mold (odds ratio [OR]:1.4, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.2-1.7, p < 0.001), animal dander (OR: 1.6, 95% CI: 1.4-1.9, p < 0.001), and polysensitization (OR: 1.4, 95% CI: 1.0-1.8, p = 0.038) were potential sensitization risk factors for asthma.
UNASSIGNED: Mold is an important allergen in early life. Different kinds of allergens affect different age groups. Patients who are sensitized to mold or animal dander or experience polysensitization should be carefully monitored for asthma risk.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of response intensity of allergen skin prick test (SPT) on symptom severity and long-term efficacy of dust mite subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) in allergic rhinitis (AR).
METHODS: AR Patients diagnosed with dust mite allergy and completed 3 years of SCIT were collected and classified into three groups: grade 2 (SPT of + +), grade 3 (SPT of +  + +) and grade 4 (SPT of +  +  + +). Comparisons between groups were performed to examine the associations of SPT categories and symptom severity and the long-term efficacy of SCIT in AR.
RESULTS: 181 AR patients were included. There was no significant difference in the baseline TNSS, SMS, RQLQ and VAS, and particularly to symptom severity grading among three SPT grade groups (P > 0.05). The moderate-severe AR was more likely to be smoking and accompany with asthma and had higher prevalence of sensitization to cockroach, mixed grass and tree pollen than mild AR (P < 0.05). Prevalence of sensitization to cockroach, mixed grass, ragweed and animal dander was increased in AR patients with asthma and allergic conjunctivitis (P < 0.05). Furthermore, after 3 years of SCIT, no statistical differences in TNSS, SMS, RQLQ, VAS and long-term efficacy were observed among the three SPT grade groups (P > 0.05). Similarly, long-term outcomes of patients with different SPT grades did not differ among different clinical characteristics and different efficacy determination criteria (P > 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS: The SPT response intensity cannot be used as an objective evaluation index for symptom severity and the long-term efficacy of SCIT in AR patients.

Airborne fungi induce allergic symptoms in 3-10% of the population worldwide. To better prevent and manage fungi-related allergic diseases, it is essential to identify the genus and the distribution profile of airborne fungi.
With this purpose in mind, we carried out a 12-month volumetric sampling study to monitor the airborne fungi and retrospectively analyzed the sensitization profile of four dominant fungi (Cladosporium, Alternaria, Aspergillus, and Penicillium) among respiratory allergies during the same study period in Wuhan, China.
A total of 29 different fungal genuses were identified, and the peak fungal concentration period was found to be in September and October, followed by May and June. The most prevalent fungi in this area were Cladosporium (36.36%), Ustilago (20.12%), and Alternaria (13.87%). In addition, the skin prick test data from 1,365 respiratory allergies patients showed that 202 (14.80%) of them were sensitized to fungi. The sensitization rates to Cladosporium, Alternaria, Aspergillus, and Penicillium were 11.72%, 4.69%, 1.98%, and 4.76%, respectively. The seasonal fluctuation of Alternaria and Aspergillus correlated with their sensitization rates. Among the fungal sensitized patients, 76 (37.62%) were sensitized to two or more kinds of fungi. The serum-specific IgE tests suggested low to high correlations existed between these fungi; however, these correlations were not found between fungi and other allergens.
Our study provides the distribution profile and reveals the clinical significance of the airborne fungi in Wuhan, which will facilitate the precise management of fungal allergy.

Objective:To investigate the distribution of allergens in patients with allergic rhinitis （AR） in Ningxia, and provide theoretical data for the prevention and treatment of AR in this region. Methods:A total of 1664 patients diagnosed with AR in the Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Department of Yinchuan First People\'s Hospital Outpatient Clinic from January 2018 to December 2021 were retrospectively collected. Use the allergen sIgE antibody detection kit （immunoblotting method） to detect inhalation and ingestion allergens in patients.Results: ①Among all AR patients, 1 158 cases were detected positive, resulting in the detection rate was 69.59%; ②The detection rate of inhalation allergen was 65.87%, and the detection rate of ingestion allergen was 19.83%; ③Mugwort was the most sensitive allergen, and 76.32% of the patients having a positive grade ≥3; ④Out of the patients, 294 cases （25.39%） were allergic to only one allergen, 244 cases （21.07%） were allergic to two allergens, and 620 cases （53.54%） were allergic to three or more allergens; ⑤During different seasons, the highest number of positive allergens detected was in the summer, with 968 cases （83.59%）. Mugwort was the main allergen during this season （69.01%）. After the COVID-19 epidemic, the total positive rate of sIgE tests in AR patients decreased compared to before, and the difference was statistically significant （P<0.001）; ⑥Mugwort, dog epithelium, mold combination, egg, peanut, soybean, Marine fish combination and fruit combination all showed statistically significant differences between different gender groups （P<0.05）; ⑦Common ragweed, mugwort, dust mite combination, cockroach, egg, milk, Marine fish combination, shrimp, fruit combination and nut combination all showed statistically significant differences among different age groups （P<0.05）; ⑧There were statistically significant differences in hay dust among different ethnic groups （P<0.05）. Conclusion:Artemisia argyi is the main allergen in Ningxia, and the distribution characteristics of different allergens are influenced by treatment season, the COVID-19 epidemic, gender, age, ethnicity, and other factors, showing certain distribution patterns and rules.
目的：探讨宁夏地区变应性鼻炎（AR）患者变应原的分布情况，为本地区AR防治提供理论数据。 方法：回顾性收集2018年1月-2021年12月在银川市第一人民医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科医院门诊诊断为AR且同期接受血清变应原特异性lgE（sIgE）检测的患者1 664例。采用变应原sIgE抗体检测试剂盒（免疫印迹法）检测患者的吸入性变应原和食入性变应原。 结果：①IgE检测阳性1 158例（69.59%）；②吸入性变应检测阳性1 096例（65.87%），食入性变应原检测阳性330例（19.83%）；③艾蒿是致敏程度最高的变应原，阳性级别≥3级的患者占76.32%；④仅对1种变应原过敏者为294例（25.39%），2种244例（21.07%），对3种及以上变应原过敏者620例（53.54%）；⑤不同的就诊季节里，夏季检出变应原阳性例数最多，为968例（83.59%），主要变应原为艾蒿（69.01%）；2019冠状病毒病（Corona Virus Disease 2019，COVID-19）流行后，AR患者sIgE阳性率较之前降低，差异有统计学意义（P<0.001）；⑥艾蒿、狗上皮、真菌组合、鸡蛋、花生、黄豆、海鱼组合及水果组合均在不同性别分组间差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）；⑦普通豚草、艾蒿、尘螨组合、蟑螂、鸡蛋、牛奶、海鱼组合、虾、水果组合及坚果组合均在不同年龄分组间差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）；⑧干草尘埃在不同民族间差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论：宁夏地区主要变应原以艾蒿为主，不同变应原分布特点受就诊季节、COVID-19流行、性别、年龄、民族等因素影响而呈现一定的分布特点及规律。.

Objective:To investigate the sensitization characteristics of ragweed pollen in patients with allergic rhinitis（AR） and（or） allergic asthma in Beijing area, and to provide basis for the prevention and treatment of ragweed pollen sensitized population. Methods:Patients with allergic rhinitis and/or asthma from January 2017 to December 2019 in the outpatient department of Allergy Department of Beijing Shijitan Hospital were retrospectively analyzed in this study. Skin prick test（SPT） was performed with ragweed pollen allergen reagents to compare different ages, genders and respiratory diseases allergen distribution, and to observe the sensitization characteristics of its population. All of the analyses were performed using SAS software version 9.4. Results:A total of 9 727 patients were enrolled in the end. The total positive rate of ragweed pollen SPT was 45.50%（4 426/9 727）, the highest positive rate was 65.54% in 13-17 years old group; The positive rate of ragweed pollen SPT was 49.79% in allergic rhinitis combined with asthma patients, followed by 46.46% in allergic rhinitis patients, and the lowest rate was 19.42% in single allergic asthma patients. There were more females than males in both ragweed pollen sensitized and non-ragweed pollen sensitized groups（P<0.05）, and the proportion was higher in 30-39 years old than in other age groups（P<0.05）. Ragweed pollen sensitization was higher than non-ragweed pollen sensitization in the allergic rhinitis group（98.49% vs 94.76%, P<0.05）. Ragweed pollen with other summer and autumn pollen allergens in patients with positive SPT, the top three were Chenopodium pollen, Humulus pollen and Artemisia grandis pollen, with positive rates of 90.42%, 89.63% and 85.40%, respectively. Ragweed combined with other pollen sensitization accounted for 99.57%（4 407/4 426）. Allergic rhinitis was the main disease in patients sensitized with ragweed pollen alone or combined with other pollens, and there was no significant difference between the two groups（94.97% vs 98.50%, P>0.05）. Conclusion:Ragweed pollen is highly sensitized in Beijing area, single ragweed pollen sensitization is rare, often combined with multiple pollen sensitization, and allergic rhinitis is the main disease.
目的：了解北京地区变应性鼻炎（allergic rhinitis，AR）和（或）过敏性哮喘患者豚草花粉致敏特点，为豚草花粉致敏患者的防治提供依据。 方法：回顾性分析2017年1月—2019年12月就诊于北京世纪坛医院变态反应科门诊AR和（或）哮喘的患者，采用豚草花粉过敏原试剂进行皮肤点刺试验（skin prick test，SPT），比较不同年龄、性别和呼吸道疾病患者中豚草花粉致敏情况，观察豚草花粉致敏的人群分布特征。采用SAS 9.4软件进行统计学分析。 结果：纳入9 727例患者，豚草花粉SPT总阳性率达45.50%（4 426/9 727），其中13～17岁阳性率最高（65.54%）；AR合并哮喘患者豚草花粉SPT阳性率最高（49.79%），其次为AR（46.46%），单一过敏性哮喘患者最低（19.42%）。豚草花粉致敏和非豚草花粉致敏2组患者均为女性多于男性（P<0.05），30～39岁高于其他年龄段（P<0.05）。AR组豚草花粉致敏高于非豚草花粉致敏（98.49% vs 94.76%，P<0.05）。豚草花粉SPT阳性患者合并其他夏秋花粉过敏原中，排名前3位的是灰藜花粉、葎草花粉和大籽蒿花粉，阳性率分别为90.42%、89.63%和85.40%。豚草合并其他花粉致敏者占99.57%（4 407/4 426）。无论是单一豚草花粉或合并其他花粉致敏的患者均以AR为主，但2组差异无统计学意义（94.97% vs 98.50%，P>0.05）。 结论：北京地区豚草花粉致敏性较高，单一豚草致敏少见，常合并多重花粉致敏，且以AR为主。.

Objective:To investigate the sensitization characteristics of cockroach in patients with allergic rhinitis（AR） and/or allergic asthma in Beijing area, and to provide basis for the prevention and treatment of cockroach sensitized population. Methods:Clinical data of patients with allergic rhinitis and/or asthma from January 2017 to December 2019 treated in the outpatient Department of Allergy of Beijing Shijitan Hospital were retrospectively analyzed.Skin prick test （SPT） was performed with cockroach allergen reagents. The cockroach sensitization of patients with different ages and diseases was compared, and the population distribution characteristics of cockroach sensitization were observed.Statistical analysis was performed using SAS 9.4 software. Results:A total of 9915 patients were enrolled in the end.The total positive rate of cockroach SPT was 24.79%（2458/9915）,with the highest positive rate （31.65%） in 15-19 years old group. The positive rate of SPT increased with age in patients less than 14 years old, while the positive rate of SPT was basically flat with age in patients more than 20 years old .The positive rate of cockroach SPT was 24.83% （2355/9484） in allergic rhinitis patients,26.38% （410/1554） in allergic asthma patients, and 27.34% （307/1123） in allergic rhinitis combined with asthma patients. Single cockroach SPT positive accounted for 9.64% （237/2458）, cockroach with other indoor inhalation allergens SPT positive accounted for 90.36% （2221/2458）. The positive SPT rates for combined Der f , Der p,house dust, cat dander, and dog dander were 74.25% （1825/2458）, 66.27% （1629/2458）, 58.99% （1450/2458）, 43.08% （1059/2458）, and 40.85% （1004/2458）, respectively.In allergic rhinitis，asthma，and allergic rhinitis combined with asthma，the cockroach SPT positive rate was higher in the adult group than that in juvenile group，and the difference of positive rate in allergic rhinitis group was statistically significant（25.81% vs 19.07%, P<0.001）.In the juvenile group, the positive rate of SPT in AR combined with asthma was higher than that in AR and that in asthma. Conclusion:Cockroach allergy in patients with AR and/or allergic asthma in Beijing is relatively high, most of them are sensitized by multiple inhalation allergens, and the sensitization degree of adults is higher than that of juvenile.
目的：了解北京地区变应性鼻炎（AR）和/或过敏性哮喘患者蟑螂致敏特点，为蟑螂致敏患者的防治提供依据。 方法：回顾性分析2017年1月—2019年12月就诊于北京世纪坛医院变态反应科门诊的AR和/或哮喘患者，采用蟑螂过敏原试剂进行皮肤点刺试验（SPT），比较不同年龄和疾病患者蟑螂致敏情况，观察蟑螂致敏的人群分布特征。采用SAS 9.4软件进行统计学分析。 结果：纳入9915例患者，蟑螂SPT总阳性率达24.79%（2458/9915），其中15～19岁年龄组阳性率最高（31.65%），0~14岁的患儿SPT阳性率随着年龄的增长逐渐增加，>20岁的患者随着年龄的增长SPT阳性率基本持平。AR患者蟑螂SPT阳性率24.83%（2355/9484），过敏性哮喘患者蟑螂SPT阳性率26.38%（410/1554），AR伴哮喘患者蟑螂SPT阳性率27.34%（307/1123）；单一蟑螂SPT阳性者占9.64%（237/2458），蟑螂合并其他室内吸入性过敏原SPT阳性者占90.36%（2221/2458），合并粉尘螨、屋尘螨、尘土、猫毛和狗毛的SPT阳性率分别为74.25%（1825/2458）、66.27%（1629/2458）、58.99%（1450/2458）、43.08%（1059/2458）和40.85%（1004/2458）。在AR、哮喘、AR伴哮喘3种疾病中，成年组蟑螂SPT阳性率均高于未成年组，其中AR组有统计学差异（25.81% vs.19.07%，P<0.001）。未成年组中，AR伴哮喘患儿的SPT阳性率高于AR和哮喘。 结论：北京地区AR和/或过敏性哮喘患者蟑螂致敏性较高，多合并多重吸入过敏原致敏，成人致敏程度高于未成年人。.

UNASSIGNED: To evaluate the prevalence and distribution of sensitization to aeroallergens in children with atopic diseases.
UNASSIGNED: We conducted skin prick test on 9,527 pediatric patients (aged 0-17 years) with atopic diseases in allergy department of Children\'s Hospital affiliated with the Capital Institute of Pediatrics. Positive rates of aeroallergens were compared among the different groups.
UNASSIGNED: Boys (69.5%) had a higher positive rate in SPT results than girls (59.8%; χ2 = 91.7, P < 0.01), and the prevalence of sensitization to aeroallergens increased from 56.1% in the 0-5 year group, to 73.0% in patients above 12 years. Japanese hop (36.2%) and D. farinae (28.1%) were the most common outdoor and indoor aeroallergens, respectively. From low to high age groups, the positive detection rates of D. farinae were 20.3, 30.6, and 33.5%, respectively, followed by D. pteronyssinus (15.7, 24.8, and 30.0%) and cat dander (8.6, 19.8, and 27.9%, respectively), while dog dander and cockroach showed the same trend. The top three positive detection rates of outdoor aeroallergens were Alternaria (30.9%), Japanese Hop (26.7%), and Artemisia (23.7%) in the preschool age group. With regard to patients aged 6 to 11 years, the three most common were Japanese hop (39.2%), Alternaria (36.4%), and Fraxinus pollen (34.4%). Japanese hop (43.8%), Sabina (41.1%), and birch pollen (39.6%) became increasingly common allergens among adolescents. There were more patients with strongly positive reactions to Alternaria in AS (χ2 = 10.2, P < 0.01) and AS with AR groups (χ2 =9.7, P < 0.01) than those in the AR group. Asthmatic patients had significantly higher multiple positive reactions than those with AR (P < 0.01). Asthmatic patients had a much higher prevalence of HDM, animal dander, and Alternaria than those with allergic rhinitis (P < 0.05).
UNASSIGNED: The prevalence of sensitization to aeroallergens increased with age in children with atopic diseases in Greater Beijing Region. Alternaria was the predominant allergen before 5 years of age, and tree pollen had delayed sensitization in adolescents. Sensitization to perennial allergens such as HDM, cats, and Alternaria was more strongly associated with asthma risk. Sensitization to more than one allergen significantly affected asthmatic patients.

UNASSIGNED: Because of the significant regional differences in the distribution of allergens, the relationship between anaphylaxis and allergic sensitization is complex in China. Using this large-scale epidemiologic survey, we explore the potential patterns of sensitization to common allergens in mainland China and investigate their relationship with various clinical symptoms.
UNASSIGNED: The participants were recruited from 13 medical centers in mainland China from October 2019 to June 2021. Skin prick test (SPT) results that cover 18 common allergens were utilized to diagnose atopic sensitization. The demographic characteristics and clinical information were collected through questionnaires during routine medical follow-up. Latent class analysis (LCA) was conducted to determine the optimal sensitization patterns. The logistic regression was used to assess the associations of different sensitization patterns with allergy symptoms.
UNASSIGNED: A total of 1089 patients who had a positive SPT to at least one of 18 allergens were included for formal analysis. An optimal LCA model with 4 classes was obtained in this study, and the corresponding labels were as follows: Class1, house dust mite sensitization; Class2, low pollen sensitization; Class3, middle pollen sensitization; Class4, high pollen sensitization. The prevalence of different classes varied widely in geographical distribution, which was characterized by Class1 being very common in south and east as well as Class2 in north and west of China. Compared with patients in Class1, those in middle and high pollen sensitization clusters had the higher odds ratios (ORs) of allergic rhinitis and allergic conjunctivitis when controlling for other confounders. However, there was no significant difference between low pollen sensitization and house dust mite sensitization groups in the risks for various clinical performances except dermatitis. Additionally, the adjusted ORs (95% confidence interval) of allergic conjunctivitis and dermatitis for participants in pollen sensitization clusters (Class2, 3 and 4) were 1.56 (1.18, 2.06) and 1.43 (1.09, 1.88) respectively compared with those in Class1.
UNASSIGNED: In this study, we identified four sensitization clusters with specific risks of various clinical symptoms using common allergens by adopting LCA. Our findings may contribute to improved diagnosis and potential immunotherapy approaches to allergy in mainland China.
UNASSIGNED: This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81802076 and 81871736), the Guangzhou Science and Technology Foundation (202102010327), the Foundation of SKLRD (MS-2019-06 and Z-2022-09), and the Foundation of GYYY (ZH201904) and ZNSA-2020012.